Potential long-term neurological and gastrointestinal effects of COVID-19: A review of adult cohorts

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for a global epidemic, extends beyond pulmonary issues. It induces multi-organ disorders, affecting cognition (neurological) and gastrointestinal (GI) function. Long-term repercussions of this infection are termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) (LC). This review aims to analyze current knowledge and outcomes of long-term neurological and GI effects in adult cohorts, encompassing United States minority populations.

Research motivation

This research is motivated by the need to explore and understand the long-term neurological and gastrointestinal effects of COVID-19 in adult cohorts, with a particular focus on United States minority populations. By investigating these long-term sequelae, the study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge, provide insights into potential health impacts, and potentially lead to better management and care for individuals affected by PASC or LC.

Research objectives

To identify and document the neurological symptoms and cognitive impairments experienced by individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, as well as to examine and characterize the gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders observed in post-COVID-19 patients. The research seeks to determine the prevalence and severity of these long-term effects, considering the disproportionate affliction in United States minority populations. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate contributing factors, risk factors, comorbidities, and demographic variables associated with the development of long-term neurological and GI sequelae in post-COVID-19 individuals. We also wish to explore the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiological processes that may lead to these long-term effects. Future investigations might include a comparison with control groups to discern the specific impact of the virus on neurological and GI systems. Moreover, future research will analyze potential disparities in the prevalence and outcomes of long-term effects among different racial and ethnic groups. Ultimately, the study’s findings will provide valuable clinical insights and contribute to public health knowledge, offering evidence-based information for improved assessment, management, and care of individuals experiencing long-term neurological and GI effects following COVID-19. The researchers will suggest recommendations for healthcare providers, policymakers, and future researchers to address the challenges posed by LC in diverse populations.

Research methods

PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using relevant terms, and data from five studies were analyzed, comprising 27383 patients with persistent neurological and GI sequelae.

Research results

The study revealed several prominent symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, dysphagia, headache, vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux, fatigue, and abdominal pain, among LC patients. Notably, individuals with comorbidities and metabolic syndromes faced an increased risk. While most patients were of European American descent, the impact on African American individuals requires more extensive investigation. The underlying reasons for these symptoms remain uncertain, emphasizing the necessity for further research into the long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 on diverse populations.

Research conclusions

The study concludes that LC is associated with a range of significant symptoms, including anxiety, depression, dysphagia, headache, vomiting, nausea, gastroesophageal reflux, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Patients with comorbidities and metabolic syndromes are at higher risk of experiencing these long-term effects. The research highlights the need for further investigation into the impact of LC on African American populations and emphasizes the uncertainty surrounding the underlying causes of these symptoms. Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different populations.

Research perspectives

The study on LC symptoms reveals the importance of considering research perspectives that can enhance our understanding of the condition’s impact on different populations. To achieve this, future studies should prioritize diverse and representative samples, particularly including African American populations and other minority groups. Exploring potential biological, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that influence LC symptoms in diverse communities can provide valuable insights. Additionally, investigations into health disparities and the intersectionality of comorbidities will aid in addressing specific challenges faced by various racial and ethnic groups. Culturally tailored interventions, improved healthcare access, and preventive measures are crucial for managing LC and ensuring better long-term outcomes for affected individuals from diverse backgrounds.