• PET MRI
• head and neck tumors
• malignancies
• oral cancer

• Gastrointestinal cancers
• Molecular imaging
• Personalized medicine
• Positron emission tomography-computed tomography

• FDG-PET/CT
• PET
• adrenocortical carcinoma
• restaging

• Meckel’s diverticulum
• appendicitis
• gastrointestinal imaging
• inflammatory bowel disease
• intestinal obstruction
• multimodal imaging

• 32071384 National Natural Science Foundation of China

• FDG PET/CT
• bladder cancer
• lymph node
• restaging
• staging

• Apoptosis
• Energy remodeling
• Gold nanoparticles
• Warburg effect

• 3-T MRI
• Brain PET/MRI
• CT-based attenuation correction
• Flexible PET
• MR-based attenuation correction

Deep learning (DL) image quality improvement has been studied for application to ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT). It is unclear, however, whether DL can increase the quality of images obtained with semiconductor-based PET/CT scanners. This study aimed to compare the quality of semiconductor-based PET/CT scanner images obtained by DL-based technology and conventional OSEM image with Gaussian postfilter. For DL-based data processing implementation, we used Advanced Intelligent Clear-IQ Engine (AiCE, Canon Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan) and for OSEM images, Gaussian postfilter of 3 mm FWHM is used. Thirty patients who underwent semiconductor-based PET/CT scanner imaging between May 6, 2021, and May 19, 2021, were enrolled. We compared AiCE images and OSEM images and scored them for delineation, image noise, and overall image quality. We also measured standardized uptake values (SUVs) in tumors and healthy tissues and compared them between AiCE and OSEM. AiCE images scored significantly higher than OSEM images for delineation, image noise, and overall image quality. The Fleiss kappa value for the interobserver agreement was 0.57. Among the 21 SUV measurements in healthy organs, 11 (52.4%) measurements were significantly different between AiCE and OSEM images. More pathological lesions were detected in AiCE images as compared with OSEM images, with AiCE images showing higher SUVs for pathological lesions than OSEM images. AiCE can improve the quality of images acquired with semiconductor-based PET/CT scanners, including the noise level, contrast, and tumor detection capability.

• 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
• deep learning reconstruction
• image quality
• semiconductor-based PET/CT

• head and neck neoplasms
• nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• neoplasm staging
• positron emission tomography computed tomography
• american joint committee on cancer
• contrast enhanced computed tomography
• head and neck malignancy
• nasopharyngeal cancer
• tnm staging

• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
• Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
• Humans
• Neoplasm Staging
• Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
• Positron-Emission Tomography
• Prospective Studies
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Sensitivity and Specificity

• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/metabolism
• Head and Neck Neoplasms
• Humans
• Mouth Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck

• Animals
• Carbohydrates
• Diet, Ketogenic/methods
• Humans
• Mice
• NAD
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/diet therapy
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Pancreatic Neoplasms

• DP1 DK113643 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 CA237347 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA163591 NCI NIH HHS
• R37 DK057978 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R50 CA211437 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 DK057978 NIDDK NIH HHS
• P30 CA014195 NCI NIH HHS

Current literature lacks a comparison of lymph node metastases and non-pathological lymph nodes distribution in breast cancer patients. The aim of the current retrospective study was to generate a comprehensive atlas of the lymph node system.

143 breast cancer patients underwent F-18-FDG-PET/CT (PET/CT) imaging for staging purposes and were diagnosed with regional lymph node metastases. Based on the PET/CT data set a total of 326 lymph node metastases and 1826 non-pathological lymph nodes were detected and contoured manually in the patient collective. Using rigid and deformable registration algorithms all structures were transferred to a template planning CT of a standard patient. Subsequently, a 3D-atlas of the distribution of lymph node metastases and non-pathological lymph nodes were generated and compared to each other.

Both, lymph node metastases and non-pathological lymph nodes, accumulated in certain areas (“hot-spots”) within the lymphatic drainage system. However large differences regarding the distribution patterns were detected: lymph node metastases hot spots occurred in close proximity to the subclavian vein in level I-III, whereas the non-pathological lymph nodes accumulated mostly (within a wider range) in level I. In level II and III lymph node metastases exceeded clearly the areas in which non-pathological lymph nodes occurred.

Lymph node metastases and non-pathological lymph node distribution within the lymph node system differ clearly. Based on our results, an individual adjustment of the CTV in order to include visible lymph nodes in level II and III should be discussed.

• National Research Foundation of Korea

• Mobile PET
• PET/CT
• PET/MRI

• Bladder cancer
• Groin
• Humans
• Lymph nodes/diagnostic imaging
• Lymph nodes/pathology
• Lymphatic metastasis
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Penile cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Testicular cancer
• Tomography
• Urogenital neoplasms/diagnostic imaging

• Humans
• Lymph Nodes/diagnostic imaging
• Lymph Nodes/pathology
• Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnostic imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Neoplasm Staging
• Pelvic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Pelvis/diagnostic imaging
• Pelvis/pathology
• Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology

• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
• Humans
• Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods

• Gall bladder cancer
• PET scan
• Staging

PET/CT radiotracer infiltration is not uncommon and is often outside the imaging field of view. Infiltration can negatively affect image quality, image quantification, and patient management. Until recently, there has not been a simple way to routinely practice PET radiopharmaceutical administration quality control and quality assurance. Our objectives were to quantify infiltration rates, determine associative factors for infiltration, and assess whether rates could be reduced at multiple centers and then sustained. Methods: A “design, measure, analyze, improve, and control” quality improvement methodology requiring novel technology was used to try to improve PET/CT injection quality. Teams were educated on the importance of quality injections. Baseline infiltration rates were measured, center-specific associative factors were analyzed, team meetings were held, improvement plans were established and executed, and rates remeasured. To ensure that injection-quality gains were retained, real-time feedback and ongoing monitoring were used. Sustainability was assessed. Results: Seven centers and 56 technologists provided data on 5,541 injections. The centers’ aggregated baseline infiltration rate was 6.2% (range, 2%–16%). On the basis of their specific associative factors, 4 centers developed improvement plans and reduced their aggregated infiltration rate from 8.9% to 4.6% (P < 0.0001). Ongoing injection monitoring showed sustainability. Significant variation was found in center- and technologist-level infiltration rates (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0020, respectively). Conclusion: A quality improvement approach with new technology can help centers measure infiltration rates, determine associative factors, implement interventions, and improve and sustain injection quality. Because PET/CT images help guide patient management, the monitoring and improvement of radiotracer injection quality are important.

• FDG
• PET/CT
• extravasation
• infiltration
• quality improvement

In patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), the detection of distant disease determines whether the intention of the treatment is curative or palliative. Therefore, adequate preoperative staging is imperative for optimal treatment planning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of conventional imaging techniques, including chest X-ray and/or CT thorax-(abdomen), liver ultrasonography(US), and skeletal scintigraphy, on the distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) in patients with IBTR, and to compare conventional imaging with ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT or no imaging at all.

This study was exclusively based on the information available at time of diagnoses of IBTR. To adjust for differences in baseline characteristics between the three imaging groups, a propensity score (PS) weighted method was used.

Of the 495 patients included in the study, 229 (46.3%) were staged with conventional imaging, 89 patients (19.8%) were staged with ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT, and in 168 of the patients (33.9%) no imaging was used (N = 168). After a follow-up of approximately 5 years, 14.5% of all patients developed a distant recurrence as first event after IBTR. After adjusting for the PS weights, the Cox regression analyses showed that the different staging methods had no significant impact on the DRFI.

This study showed a wide variation in the use of imaging modalities for staging IBTR patients in the Netherlands. After using PS weighting, no statistically significant impact of the different imaging modalities on DRFI was shown. Based on these results, it is not possible to recommend staging for distant metastases using ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT over conventional imaging techniques.

The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05205-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• 18F-FDG PET-CT
• Breast cancer
• Conventional imaging
• Distant metastasis
• Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence
• Preoperative screening
• Propensity score weight

To determine whether ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography performed immediately after percutaneous ablation (_iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) is useful in evaluating the outcomes of the procedure.

This was a retrospective study of 20 patients (13 males, 7 females; mean age, 65.8 ± 12.1 years) submitted to percutaneous ablation of metastases. All of the lesions treated had shown focal uptake on a ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan obtained at baseline. The primary tumors were mainly colorectal cancer (in 45%) or lung cancer (in 40%). _iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT was performed to identify any residual viable tumor cells. The treatment was considered a success (no viable tumor cells present) if no uptake of ¹⁸F-FDG was noted on the _iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT scan.

Twenty-six lesions were submitted to percutaneous ablation with either cryoablation (n = 7) or radiofrequency ablation (n = 19). The mean lesion diameter was 2.52 ± 1.49 cm. For the detection of viable tumor cells, _iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT had a sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 66.7%, 95%, 88.5%, 80%, and 90.5%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the _iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT findings and the results of the follow-up studies (kappa = 0.66; p < 0.01).

_iPA¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT studies appear to constitute a useful means of evaluating the outcomes of percutaneous ablation. By detecting residual viable tumor cells, this strategy might allow early re-intervention, thus reducing morbidity. Studies involving larger numbers of patients are needed in order to confirm our findings.

• Ablation techniques
• Cryosurgery/methods
• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
• Positron-emission tomography/methods
• Radiofrequency ablation
• Tomography, X-ray computed/methods

• PET/MRI
• conspicuity
• prostate cancer
• sequence
• whole body

• PET/CT
• monitoring
• orbital adnexal lymphoma
• staging

Macrophages are an important component of host defense and inflammation and play a pivotal role in immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic regulation. Since macrophages are ubiquitous in human bodies and have versatile physiological functions, they are involved in virtually every disease, including cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Molecular biological and histological methods have provided critical information on macrophage biology. However, many in vivo dynamic behaviors of macrophages are poorly understood and yet to be discovered. A better understanding of macrophage functions and dynamics in pathogenesis will open new opportunities for better diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will review the advances in macrophage tracking and analysis with in vivo optical imaging in the context of different diseases. Moreover, this review will cover the challenges and solutions for optical imaging techniques during macrophage intravital imaging.

• bioluminescence imaging
• cell tracking
• function
• intravital microscopy
• macrophage
• optical imaging

• fat suppression
• fluid suppression
• metastatic cancer
• whole-body imaging

• Colorectal lesions
• FDG-PET
• Incidental
• Melanoma
• Surveillance

• Australia/epidemiology
• Colonoscopy
• Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
• Female
• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
• Humans
• Incidental Findings
• Male
• Melanoma/diagnostic imaging
• Melanoma/epidemiology
• Melanoma/pathology
• Middle Aged
• Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
• Prevalence
• Radiopharmaceuticals
• Retrospective Studies
• Skin Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Skin Neoplasms/pathology
• Survival Rate

• Breast cancer
• Chemotherapy
• Gene therapy
• Stem cell therapy

• Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
• Breast/anatomy & histology
• Breast Neoplasms/classification
• Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Breast Neoplasms/therapy
• Female
• Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
• Humans
• Risk Factors

• 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
• PET/CT
• Penile cancer
• fluorodeoxyglucose
• imaging

• 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose
• FDG
• Metabolic tumor burden
• Metabolic tumor volume
• NSCLC
• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Survival analysis
• TNM stage

• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnostic imaging
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Female
• Humans
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Lung Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasm Staging
• Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Assessment
• Tumor Burden

• R21 CA181885 NCI NIH HHS

• brain
• hybrid imaging
• multimodal imaging
• neuroimaging

• ROS
• cancer
• immunology
• metabolism
• mitochondria
• oxidative stress

• Advanced colorectal neoplasm
• Colonoscopy
• Colorectal cancer screening
• Positron emission tomography

• Lymph nodes
• Metastasis
• Sentinel node
• Staging

Unlike for most other malignancies, application of FDG PET/CT is limited for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), mainly due to physiological excretion of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-2-d-glucose (FDG) from the kidneys, which decreases contrast between renal lesions and normal tissue, and may obscure or mask the lesions of the kidneys. Published clinical observations were discordant regarding the role of FDG PET/CT in diagnosing and staging RCC, and FDG PET/CT is not recommended for this purpose based on current national and international guidelines. However, quantitative FDG PET/CT imaging may facilitate the prediction of the degree of tumor differentiation and allows for prognosis of the disease. FDG PET/CT has potency as an imaging biomarker to provide useful information about patient’s survival. FDG PET/CT can be effectively used for postoperative surveillance and restaging with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, as early diagnosis of recurrent/metastatic disease can drastically affect therapeutic decision and alter outcome of patients. FDG uptake is helpful for differentiating benign or bland emboli from tumor thrombosis in RCC patients. FDG PET/CT also has higher sensitivity and accuracy when compared with bone scan to detect RCC metastasis to the bone. FDG PET/CT can play a strong clinical role in the management of recurrent and metastatic RCC. In monitoring the efficacy of new target therapy such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment for advanced RCC, FDG PET/CT has been increasingly used to assess the therapeutic efficacy, and change in FDG uptake is a strong indicator of biological response to TKI.

• FDG PET/CT
• renal cell carcinoma
• restaging
• staging
• tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• R01 CA090771 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA090771-04 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA072064 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA072064-10 NCI NIH HHS
• P01 CA042045-210010 NCI NIH HHS
• P01 CA042045 NCI NIH HHS

• FDG
• Fusion
• Image guidance
• Navigation
• PET/CT
• Percutaneous biopsy
• Tissue sampling