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Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA, Kaggwa MM, Mubarak M, Hossain MS, ALmerab MM, Muhit M, Gozal D, Griffiths MD, Sikder MT. The prevalence of nomophobia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2025; 349:116521. [PMID: 40334351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia) is a term used to describe discomfort or anxiety experienced when individuals are unable to use or access their mobile phones. Although not formally recognized in the DSM-5 or ICD-11, nomophobia has gained increasing research attention. The present study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the global prevalence of nomophobia, based on 43 studies (n = 36,656 participants) from 18 countries. Only studies using validated self-report instruments, primarily the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), were included. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted to determine the sources of heterogeneity. Results indicated that nomophobia is widespread, with 26 % of participants reporting mild symptoms, 51 % moderate symptoms, and 21 % severe symptoms. Importantly, these figures reflect self-reported levels of distress rather than clinical diagnoses. Higher prevalence was observed among university students and young adults. The wide variation across regions and instruments suggests nomophobia is influenced by cultural, behavioral, and technological contexts. Despite ongoing debates regarding whether nomophobia is an anxiety disorder, these findings highlight the critical need for precise definitions and continued exploration of its psychological correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoj Al-Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed A Mamun
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh; CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mark Mohan Kaggwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahfuza Mubarak
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shakhaoat Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Moneerah Mohammad ALmerab
- Department of Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Muhit
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics and Office of the Dean, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sadeghi N, Rezaeian S, Janatolmakan M, Heidarian P, Khatony A. Exploring the prevalence of nomophobia, its contributing factors, and the relationship with social interaction anxiety among nursing students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2025; 25:372. [PMID: 40075345 PMCID: PMC11905499 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-025-06902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nomophobia and social anxiety have significant negative implications for the physical and mental health of students, as well as their academic performance. Considering the variability in findings across studies on the prevalence of nomophobia and social anxiety, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nomophobia, its associated factors, and its relationship with social interaction anxiety among nursing students. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted between August 22nd and September 23rd, 2023, at the School of Nursing and Midwifery in Kermanshah, located in western Iran. A convenience sampling method was employed, resulting in the recruitment of 258 participants. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire, including a demographic information form, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) to assess the severity of nomophobia, and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) to measure social anxiety levels. Data were analyzed using STATA, version 14. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics. The Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression modeling were employed for inferential analysis. RESULTS All participating nursing students (n = 258) exhibited some degree of nomophobia. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe nomophobia was 40.7%, 40.3%, and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, 25.6% of the students experienced social anxiety. A significant positive correlation was found between nomophobia scores and social interaction anxiety (r =.37, P <.001). Social interaction anxiety emerged as the only significant independent predictor of nomophobia (P <.001), explaining 21% of the variance in nomophobia scores. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate both the prevalence of nomophobia and social anxiety, as well as the correlation between these two factors among students. Considering the numerous risks associated with nomophobia and social interaction anxiety, it is essential to optimize technology use and improve social interactions among students. Identifying students at risk of nomophobia and social interaction anxiety and providing psychological counseling services to them should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahab Rezaeian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Janatolmakan
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Heidarian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Khatony
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Mousoulidou M, Constantinidou E, Christodoulou A, Siakalli M. The prevalence of nomophobia in Cyprus and its relationship with coping styles. Front Psychol 2025; 16:1538155. [PMID: 40110079 PMCID: PMC11919837 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1538155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rise in smartphone use and the resulting dependence has led to the emergence of nomophobia, a term describing the anxiety or discomfort experienced when individuals are without their mobile phones. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of nomophobia among adults in Cyprus and explore its relationship with demographic characteristics, reasons for smartphone use, and coping styles. Methods In line with this aim, participants were 300 adults from Cyprus recruited by convenience and snowball sampling methods. The data were collected via an internet-based questionnaire that examined participants' level of nomophobia, reasons for phone use, time spent on their phones, and coping styles. The study utilized a Personal Information Form, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and the Brief Coping to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief COPE) to gather data. Results The results suggest that (a) nearly all participants (99.3%) exhibited some level of nomophobia, with more than half of our sample (51.3%) experiencing moderate levels, (b) younger adults, women, and individuals with lower education levels were more prone to nomophobia, (c) communication and social media were positively related to nomophobia, and (d) maladaptive and avoidant coping strategies exacerbated the severity of nomophobia. Discussion The findings highlight the growing concern of nomophobia and stress the need for educational programs promoting healthier smartphone habits.
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Zhang T, Camargo A, Schmaal L, Kostakos V, D'Alfonso S. Nomophobia, Psychopathology, and Smartphone-Inferred Behaviors in Youth With Depression: Longitudinal Study. JMIR Form Res 2025; 9:e57512. [PMID: 39969982 PMCID: PMC11888105 DOI: 10.2196/57512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphones have become an indispensable part of people's lives, and the fear of being without them, what has been termed "no mobile phone phobia" (nomophobia), is a growing phenomenon. The rise of problematic smartphone use highlights the urgent need to explore the intricate relationship between smartphones and human behavior. However, the connections between nomophobia, mental health indicators, smartphone use patterns, and daily activities remain largely underexplored. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between young adults with depression and smartphones and investigate nomophobia by analyzing data obtained from a pilot study of depression in a youth cohort. Exploring nomophobia can enhance our understanding of the dynamics between young adults and smartphone use, potentially empowering them to manage and regulate their smartphone use more effectively. METHODS During an 8-week period, data collected via smartphone sensors, such as locations and screen status, were gathered from a cohort of 41 individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder. In addition to passive-sensing smartphone data, the study collected ecological momentary assessments and psychometric measures, including the Nomophobia Questionnaire, which formed the basis of our investigation. We explored statistical associations among smartphone-derived behavioral features, psychometric indicators, and nomophobia. In addition, we used behavioral and psychometric data to develop regression models demonstrating the prediction of nomophobia levels. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the level of nomophobia was positively associated with depression and negative affect, lower geolocation movements, and higher comfort with smartphone sensing. The exploratory predictive linear regression models demonstrated the feasibility of predicting an individual's Nomophobia Questionnaire score based on their smartphone sensing data. These models effectively used input features derived from both a combination of smartphone sensing data and psychometric measures and from smartphone sensing data alone. CONCLUSIONS Our work is the first to explore the relationship between nomophobia and smartphone sensor data. It provides valuable insights into the predictors of nomophobia level, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between smartphones and human behavior and paving the way for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andres Camargo
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vassilis Kostakos
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon D'Alfonso
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mamede T, Lordêlo P. Mental health in the virtual world: Are we ready for the metaverse era? World J Methodol 2024; 14:95064. [PMID: 39712569 PMCID: PMC11287544 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i4.95064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of the metaverse, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence, is an undeniable issue that health care scientists need to update. It influences all fields of knowledge, interpersonal relationships, and health. Regarding mental health since the post-coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, it is necessary to consider and understand the potential, possibilities, weaknesses, and consequences arising from and provided by this new scenario. Due to the increasing need for mental health monitoring and care, mental health treatments require in-depth training and preparation to achieve the maximum use of the metaverse advantages and possibilities. Currently, very little is known about the effectiveness of remote mental health treatment, but it is certainly suggested that accessibility and the characteristics associated with the use of metaverse technologies may represent new horizons for accessibility and approach tools, as long as more studies are carried out and more evidence is collected to develop accurate guidelines, safe training, solve ethical concerns, and overcome limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuffy Mamede
- Post Graduation in Medicine and Human Health, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador 40290-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Lordêlo
- Pelvic Floor Care Center and Postgraduate, Patricia Lordelo Institute, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador 40290-000, Brazil
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Sheikh BW, Hariri NH, Alqahtani MA, Aljabri AA, Eterji AS, Almutawa SM, Aljohani RM, Metair SA, Rawas TA, Bawahab NS, Alhejaili AJ. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Nomophobia Amongst the General Population in Makkah Province and Al-Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2024; 20:e17450179311620. [PMID: 39130190 PMCID: PMC11311797 DOI: 10.2174/0117450179311620240508105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Background Nomophobia is a public health issue that involves the fear of being without a mobile phone. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia and its relation to psychological factors, including depression and insomnia, among the general population in Makkah Province and Al-Madinah Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted and data were obtained through a self-administered online questionnaire using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) for depression, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Results A total of 1022 participants completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of nomophobia was 96.7%. Moderate nomophobia was prevalent (47.8%). Based on the PHQ-2, possible depression was identified in 47.3% of the respondents. 37.1% had sub-threshold insomnia. In terms of personal psychiatric history, the most common mental disorders in the participants included generalized anxiety disorder (9.9%) and major depressive disorder (9.7%). 61.6% of them used mobile devices for more than four hours per day. Conclusion Nomophobia is prevalent in the Makkah and Al-Madinah provinces in Saudi Arabia. The risk of nomophobia was significantly higher for participants who spent more hours using mobile devices, those with possible depression, and those having irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar W. Sheikh
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla H. Hariri
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AlQura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Saud M. Almutawa
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf M. Aljohani
- College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A. Metair
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tala A. Rawas
- College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar S. Bawahab
- Department of General Surgery, King Faisal Hospital, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa J. Alhejaili
- Department of Family Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Cilligol Karabey S, Palanci A, Turan Z. How does smartphone addiction affect the lives of adolescents socially and academically?: a systematic review study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024; 29:631-654. [PMID: 37365771 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2229241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Today, adolescents tend to accept smartphones more quickly than adults and spend more time with these devices since they are members of the first generation born and living in environments where smartphones and the internet are common. However, when they use smartphones excessively and become addicted to smartphones, this may cause them to suffer from various psychological, emotional, and physical health problems from an early age. Therefore, this study systematically examines the articles on smartphone addiction in adolescents. For this purpose, the related articles were screened using the Web of Science database and 188 studies by the search criteria were subjected to a systematic review. In this sense, methodological tendencies, variables and main findings of the studies included in the present study were examined. This study revealed that the quantitative research method was primarily used. The studies mainly investigated smartphone use, social relations, demographic characteristics, depression, personal characteristics, and sleep variables. Moreover, the studies were primarily conducted in China, and large sample groups were preferred. The factors that triggered the smartphone addiction of adolescents were family problems, and especially females were more addicted to smartphones than males. Moreover, smartphone addiction causes depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and decreased academic achievement in adolescents. Finally, various suggestions were presented based on the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulkadir Palanci
- Department of Computer Education & Instructional Technology, Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Turan
- Department of Computer Education & Instructional Technology, Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA, Prodhan MS, Muktarul M, Griffiths MD, Muhit M, Sikder MT. Nomophobia among university students: Prevalence, correlates, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14284. [PMID: 36942222 PMCID: PMC10023918 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nomophobia ('no mobile phone phobia') has been growing issue worldwide in recent years and has been associated with a number of psychological and behavioral health-related problems. However, few studies have examined nomophobia in Bangladesh. Therefore, the severity and correlates of nomophobia, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia was investigated. A cross-sectional study utilizing 585 university students was conducted employing a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a survey in March 2022. The survey comprised questions related to socio-demographics, behavioral health, academic performance, nomophobia, smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. The mean score of nomophobia was 88.55 out of 140 (±21.71). The prevalence was 9.4% for mild nomophobia, 56.1% for moderate nomophobia, and 34.5% for severe nomophobia. First-year students had higher levels of nomophobia than other years. Significant predictors for nomophobia included daily duration of smartphone time, psychoactive substance use, and being in a relationship. Nomophobia was significantly associated with smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. Moreover, smartphone addiction significantly mediated the relationship between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Strategies that help reduce daily smartphone time, and reduce psychoactive substance use might help reduce nomophobia prevalence among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoj Al-Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author. CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Muktarul
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Muhit
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Aladag O, Altinpinar I. Nomophobia and its effects on seafarers. Work 2022; 74:1429-1435. [PMID: 36530115 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: New technologies for ships affect many aspects of seafarers’ lives at work. Nowadays, many shipowners provide their ships with internet access for the personal use of the crew. After all these developments, nomophobia is no longer a phenomenon far from seafarers. Nomophobia affects mental health and motivation in seafarers, like all people who can use smartphones. Until now, there has been no study investigating nomophobia in seafarers and its effects on life at sea. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among seafarers and examine the causes and consequences of differences between groups. METHODS: A previously designed and tested questionnaire was used to determine nomophobia and its effects on seafarers. Three hundred fifty one seafarers participated in the study. ANOVA and T-tests were performed with SPSS 22 package program to find significant differences. RESULTS: Nomophobia differed significantly according to age groups, gender, and education level. Headache and fatigue increased in direct proportion to the level of nomophobia. CONCLUSION: It was found that 65.2% of the seafarers had moderate to severe nomophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Aladag
- Transportation Services Department, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Ishak Altinpinar
- Transportation Services Department, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
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Burke TA, Domoff SE, Croarkin PE, Romanowicz M, Borgen A, Wolff J, Nesi J. Reactions to naturalistic smartphone deprivation among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:17-23. [PMID: 35977433 PMCID: PMC10120858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The standard of care among youth who are psychiatrically hospitalized typically involves smartphone confiscation for the duration of treatment. However, very little is known regarding how youth respond to this period of smartphone "deprivation," factors that may influence this response, and ensuing clinical effects. The present exploratory mixed-methods study sought to elucidate the experience of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents as it relates to smartphone deprivation, and to evaluate the impact of this widespread treatment approach. Psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents (N = 181; Mean age = 15.29 years) completed qualitative and quantitative measures assessing the experience of smartphone deprivation during hospitalization. Associations among reactions to smartphone deprivation and smartphone and social media use patterns were explored. Analyses additionally evaluated whether reactions to smartphone deprivation were associated with clinical symptom severity (e.g., suicidal ideation, internalizing and externalizing symptoms) and readiness for psychotherapy. Negative reactions to smartphone deprivation were significantly positively correlated with daily smartphone hours, addictive patterns of use, and both negative and positive emotional responses to social media use. Reactions to smartphone deprivation were not associated with clinical symptom severity. However, negative reactions to smartphone deprivation were associated with lower readiness for therapy, while positive reactions were associated with greater readiness. This preliminary work illustrates the complexities of smartphone use in adolescents and the potential positive and negative effects of smartphone deprivation during psychiatric hospitalization. Future prospective research with adolescents should clarify optimal smartphone access during inpatient hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Burke
- Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Harvard Medical School, United States.
| | - Sarah E Domoff
- Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, United States
| | | | - Aubrey Borgen
- Central Michigan University, Department of Psychology, United States
| | - Jennifer Wolff
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, United States; Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, United States
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, United States; Bradley Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, United States
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Copaja-Corzo C, Aragón-Ayala CJ, Taype-Rondan A, Nomotest-Group. Nomophobia and Its Associated Factors in Peruvian Medical Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095006. [PMID: 35564400 PMCID: PMC9101167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nomophobia is the discomfort caused by not being in contact with a cell phone. Few studies have addressed nomophobia in university students. The study aimed to evaluate nomophobia and its associated factors in Peruvian medical students. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study on Peruvian medical students between June 2020 and March 2021, using an online survey disseminated through social networks. We analyzed 3139 responses (females: 61.1%, median age: 22 years): 25.7% presented moderate nomophobia and 7.4% severe nomophobia. In the adjusted model, the nomophobia score was lower in students ≥24 years (β: −4.1, 95% CI: −7.2 to −1.0) and was higher in those who had a mobile internet data plan (β: 2.9, 0.8 to 5.0), used the cell phone >4 h (β: 4.5, 2.3 to 6.7), used a smartphone mainly for education (β: 2.5, 0.2 to 4.8), social networks (β: 8.2, 5.8 to 10.6) and entertainment (β: 3.3, 0.5 to 6.1), and those who presented possible anxious (β: 6.6, 4.3 to 8.9) or depressive (β: 19.5, 5.2 to 9.6) symptomatology. In conclusion, nomophobia in university students is a frequent and emerging problem, present mainly at younger ages and associated with symptoms of anxiety or depression. Implementing evaluation and early intervention strategies would favor the mental health of university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Copaja-Corzo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna 23001, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alvaro Taype-Rondan
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15001, Peru;
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Essel HB, Vlachopoulos D, Tachie-Menson A, Nunoo FKN, Johnson EE. Nomophobia among Preservice Teachers: a descriptive correlational study at Ghanaian Colleges of Education. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 27:9541-9561. [PMID: 35399783 PMCID: PMC8977427 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-022-11023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating nomophobia prevalence, thus, recurrence of anxiety without a smartphone, with preservice teachers in the Colleges of Education, Ghana. An actual sample of 345 preservice teachers responded to a 20-item questionnaire on nomophobia (NMP-Q). A one-way MANOVA between different groups statistics was applied in determining the differences in nomophobic behaviours among preservice teachers based on non-technology-related variables (gender, age, specialism, subjective economic status, sleep/rest hours, and religion) and technology-related variables (number of smartphones owned, smartphone ownership duration, active internet services, and daily internet usage time). The results evidenced that the vast majority of preservice teachers had mild to severe nomophobia, and their most significant anxiety was related to access to information and communication. Besides, non-technology-related variables in gender, sleep hours, and subjective economic status significantly impacted the preservice teachers' nomophobia. Technology-related variables that significantly influenced the nomophobic behaviour of preservice teachers included the number of smartphones owned, smartphone ownership duration, and active internet service. A sizable majority of the preservice teachers showed signs of mild to severe nomophobia. The present study provides prefatory support for the prevalence of nomophobia among the Ghanaian preservice teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Barton Essel
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, AK-315-7530 Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Dimitrios Vlachopoulos
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Digital Society School, Wibautstraat 2-4, 1091 GM Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Esi Eduafua Johnson
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, AK-315-7530 Kumasi, Ghana
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Farooq M, Rizvi MA, Wajid WA, Ashraf M, Farooq M, Javed H, Sadiq MA, Jafar HM, Hameed F, Rizvi MA, Tayyba A. Prevalence of Nomophobia and an Analysis of Its Contributing Factors in the Undergraduate Students of Pakistan. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:147-153. [PMID: 35021897 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nomophobia (no-mobile-phone phobia) is a relatively new term that describes the growing fear and anxiety associated with being without a mobile phone. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among the undergraduate students of Pakistan, and to determine its correlation with age and gender. It also aims to determine the contributory factors of nomophobia. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey from March 25 to April 25, 2021. The snowball sampling technique was used for data collection. The Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) developed by Yildirim and Correia was circulated among the target population. It was a 7-point Likert Scale that was analyzed on the basis of age and gender using IBM SPSS version 22 and MS Excel 2007. The contributing factors were also analyzed. Of the 483 responses we received, 28 were discarded due to incompleteness and respondents being out of age under study that is, 15-25 years. Most of the respondents were women (n = 314, 69.01 percent). Men were less in number than women (n = 141, 31 percent). The ages of most of the respondents lied between 15 and 25 years. Twenty was the mode age. One hundred eighty-six (40.88 percent) had severe, 221 (48.57 percent) had moderate, and 48 (10.55 percent) had mild nomophobia. Average factor-wise scores and individual item scores were also added. Our findings reached a conclusion that the majority of the undergraduate students in Pakistan suffer from nomophobia ranging from its mild to severe form. Nomophobia can possibly be included as a recognized phobia in the DSM. Wider research on the subject to investigate it further and evaluate the clinical significance should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minaam Farooq
- Department of Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Musa Ali Rizvi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waaiz Ali Wajid
- Department of Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ashraf
- Wolfson School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mukarram Farooq
- Department of Psychiatry, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haseeba Javed
- Department of Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Mehdi Ali Rizvi
- Department of Gynecology, Amina Inayat Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aalia Tayyba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Galhardo A, Loureiro D, Massano-Cardoso I, Cunha M. Adaptation of the European Portuguese Version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire for Adolescents, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-18. [PMID: 35035315 PMCID: PMC8744568 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomophobia can be defined as a digital age phobia consisting of an excessive fear of being without a smartphone. Nomophobia negatively impacts physical and mental health, particularly in children and adolescents. This study aimed to test the factor structure and psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire for Adolescents (NMP-Q-A). Sample 1 comprised 338 adolescents (58.6% girls), with a mean age of 13.55 (SD = 2.07) years old, and was used to examine the factor structure of the NMP-Q-A, its psychometric properties and the association with other constructs. Sample 2 included 193 adolescents (53.9% boys), with a mean age of 13.61 (SD = 0.80) years old and was used to further test the NMP-Q-A factor structure. One higher-order factor with four lower-order factors structure revealed a good fit to the data in both samples. The NMP-Q-A showed good reliability, construct and concurrent validity. Girls showed higher nomophobia. Adolescents showing more nomophobia revealed more smartphone addiction and psychopathological symptoms and lower quality of life. The NMP-Q-A showed to be a valid and reliable measure to be used in clinical and educational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galhardo
- Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas, nº1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, CINEICC, Rua Do Colégio Novo, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Loureiro
- Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas, nº1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilda Massano-Cardoso
- Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas, nº1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, CEISUC, Av. Dr. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marina Cunha
- Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Largo da Cruz de Celas, nº1, 3000-132 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, CINEICC, Rua Do Colégio Novo, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
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Yılmaz T, Bekaroğlu E. Does interpersonal sensitivity and paranoid ideation predict nomophobia: an analysis with a young adult sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 41:1026-1032. [PMID: 33649698 PMCID: PMC7904029 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nomophobia has been studied extensively due to its negative effects on human health and psychology. In terms of clinical psychology, nomophobia has been linked consistently to depression and anxiety. Studies also investigated whether it is a dependency, an impulse control problem, an obsession or a phobia; however, no clear clinical representation was confirmed. Although it was proposed to be added as an official diagnosis to DSM-5, these attempts were inconclusive. In this study, nomophobia was examined clinically by SCL-90 factors. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed by controlling anxiety, depression, phobia and obsessions by putting them in the first step. At the next step, paranoid ideation was entered while interpersonal sensitivity was introduced at the last step. The variables were assigned according to the steps according to their connections confirmed by the literature, the correlation coefficients and β weights obtained in the current study. The hierarchical regression analysis confirmed that after controlling anxiety, depression, phobia and obsessions, nomophobia is explained by interpersonal sensitivity. Paranoid ideation is also an important variable in step 2, but it lost its significance in the last step. Nevertheless, it was thought that what makes people sensitive to interpersonal issues is a kind of fear of missing out others’ experiences (FoMO) which is related to nomophobia. This fear of missing out might prepare people to constantly check on mobile phones thinking paranoid about what they might have been missing or deprived of. Clinical implications and limitations were discussed.
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Jahrami H, Rashed M, AlRasheed MM, Bragazzi NL, Saif Z, Alhaj O, BaHammam AS, Vitiello MV. Nomophobia is Associated with Insomnia but Not with Age, Sex, BMI, or Mobile Phone Screen Size in Young Adults. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1931-1941. [PMID: 34737661 PMCID: PMC8560167 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s335462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE NOMOPHOBIA (NO MObile PHone PhoBIA) or problematic smartphone use is a psychological disorder in which people are afraid of being cut off from their mobile phones. Currently, there has been no direct assessment of mobile phone screen size in the home setting and its effect on nomophobia and related symptoms, such as insomnia. Thus, we investigated the association between nomophobia, insomnia, and mobile phone screen size in a young adult population in Bahrain. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, we surveyed participants aged 18 to 35 between August and September 2020 using an online questionnaire. Participants completed demographic questions and questions about personal mobile phones, the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The mobile phone screen size was determined using an open-source online database. Crude and adjusted regression analyses were fitted to examine the associations between the study variables. RESULTS A total of 549 individuals, 54% females, were included in the final analyses. One hundred and fourteen participants (21%) had severe nomophobia, and 81 (14%) had clinical insomnia. A strong positive pair-wise linear association was observed between NMP-Q and ISI β 0.15, P = 0.001. Age, sex, BMI, and mobile phone screen size showed no association with the NMP-Q. CONCLUSION Nomophobia is very prevalent in young adult men and women, and it is closely associated with insomnia, regardless of mobile phone screen size, suggesting that mobile phone screen size should not be used as a proxy for hazardous usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mona Rashed
- Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Maha M AlRasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Omar Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11324, Saudi Arabia.,The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, and Biobehavioral Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6560, USA
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