Physics and mathematics of magnetic resonance imaging for nanomedicine: An overview

Table 1 Properties of nuclei most useful for biological studies[5]

Nucleus	Spin quantum number (I)	Natural abundance (%)	Gyromagnetic ratioγ(10-7 rad/T sec)	Sensitivity1 (% vs1H)	Electric quadruple moment (Q) (e.1024 cm2)
1H	1/2	99.9844	26.7520	100.000	-
2H	1/1	0.0156	4.1067	0.965	0.00277
13C	1/2	1.1080	6.7265	1.590	-
15N	1/2	0.3650	-2.7108	0.104	-
19F	1/2	100.0000	25.167	83.300	-
31P	1/2	100.0000	10.829	6.630	-

¹Relative sensitivity for equal number of nuclei at constant magnetic field strength.

Table 2 Nuclear Spin values and gyromagnetic ratios of some nuclei[5]

Nuclei	Unpaired protons	Unpaired neutrons	Net spin	γ(MHz/T)
1H	1	0	1/2	42.58
2H	1	1	1/1	6.54
31P	1	0	1/2	17.25
23Na	1	2	3/2	11.27
14N	1	1	1/1	3.08
13C	0	1	1/2	10.71
19F	1	0	1/2	40.08

Table 3 Nuclear magnetic resonance determined rotational correlation time values for known monomeric NESG targets[19]

NESG target (isotope labeling)	MW (kDa)	15N T1 (ms)	15N T2 (ms)	l = T1/T2	τl(ns)
PsR76A (NC5)	7.2	478	128	3.734375	5.1
VfR117 (NC)	11.2	605	119	5.084034	6.3
SyR11 (NC5)	12.4	630	104	6.057692	7.1
ER541-37-162 (NC5)	15.8	729	66.5	10.96241	10.0
ER540 (NC5)	18.8	909	66.5	13.66917	11.3
SoR190 (NC)	13.8	697.5	100.9	6.912785	7.7
TR80 (NC5)	10.5	612.8	102.9	5.955296	7.0
Ubiquitin (NC)	9	441.8	144.6	3.055325	4.4
HR2873B (NC)	10.7	492	115	4.278261	5.7
B-domain (NC)	7.2	423.5	153.3	2.762557	4.05
BcR97A (NC)	13.1	705.8	80.6	8.756824	8.8
PfR193A (NC)	13.6	733.9	80.9	9.071693	9.0
MvR76 (NC)	20.2	1015	64.5	15.73643	12.2
DvR115G (NC)	10.9	608.7	115.6	5.265571	6.5
MrR110B (NC5)	11.8	707	99.2	7.127016	7.8
VpR247 (NC5)	12.5	661.2	88.3	7.488109	8.05
BcR147A (NC)	11.9	645	104	6.201923	7.2
WR73 (NC5)	21.9	1261	41.3	30.53269	13.0
NsR431C (NC5)	16.8	855.5	71.2	12.01545	10.6
StR82 (NC)	9.2	537.3	100.4	5.351594	6.6

MW: Molecular weight.