Experimental models of renal calcium stones in rodents

Table 1 Rodent models of nephrocalcinosis

Ref.	Species	Crystal main compounds	Crystals location	Animal Model	Read out	Urinary phenotype	Renal injury
Tawashi et al[17], 1980	Rats	CaOx	Tubules	HyP injection i.p. (10 mL/kg),	1 d	Hyperoxaluria	Kidney dilatation, oedema
Khan et al[8], 1982	Rats	CaOx	Tubules, interstitium, papillary tips	Sodium oxalate Injection (7 mg/100 g body weight)	1 h	Hyperoxaluria	Tubular obstruction and dilatation
Marengo et al[6], 2004	Rats	COM crystals	Tubules (cortex, medulla)	potassium oxalate SC (Minipump)	14 d	Hyperoxaluria	Tubular injury, dilatation, regeneration, interstitial inflammation
Vervaet et al[10], 2009	Rats	COM crystals	Tubules	Ethylene glycol (0.75%)	1-6 d	Hyperoxaluria	Tubular injury, dilatation and regeneration, interstitial inflammation
Khan et al[16], 2006	Rats	CaOx	Tubules (cortex, medulla), Papillary tips (plaques § stones)	5% Hyp supplement	28 d	Hyperoxaluria	Inflammation, tubular injury
Mo et al[20], 2004	Mice	CaOx	Collecting ducts (medulla, papilla)	Tamm-Horsfall KO mice	2-4 mo		ND
Chau et al[23], 2003	Mice	-CaP	Tubules (cortex, medulla), Papilla	Npt2 KO mice + HyP supplement (4 wk)	From birth	Hypercalciuria, Hyperphosphaturia	ND
Knight et al[24], 2012	Mice	CaOx (COM + COD)	Tubules (Cortex, medulla) interstitium	GRHPR KO mice	After 4 wk (HyP supplements)	Hyperoxaluria	ND

CaP: Calcium phosphate; CaOx: Calcium oxalate; COM: Calcium oxalate monohydrate; COD: Calcium oxalate dihydrate.

Table 2 Rodent models of nephrolithiasis

Ref.	Species	Crystals main compound	Crystals location	Animal model	Read out	Urinary phenotype	Renal injury
Bushinsky et al[25], 2006	Rats	CaP2 CaOx1	Renal cavity (fornices) Papilla	Hypercalciuric rats (Genetic selection) under supplements 3calcium 1.2% 4calcium 1.2% + HyP 5%	18 wk after birth	Hypercalciuria Hyperoxaluria	None
Unpublished personal data	Mice	CaOx	Renal cavity (fornices)	Water supplement: HyP 4% + vitamin D (1000 UI) + ammonium chloride (0.28 mol/L) + calcium (0.25%)	15 d	Hypercalciuria Hyperoxaluria Hypocitraturia	None

¹Indicatethe CaP or Paox nature of crystal obtained either with

³calcium 1.2% or

⁴calcium 1.2% + HyP 5% as indicated column 5 above;

²Have been erased. CaP: Calcium phosphate; CaOx: Calcium oxalate; HyP: Hydroxyproline.

Table 3 Rodent models of nephrocalcinosis/nephrolithiasis

Ref.	Species	Crystals main compound	Crystals location	Animal model	Read out	Urinary phenotype	Renal injury
O’Connor et al[35], 2003	Rats	CaOx CaP	Collecting ducts in cortex, medulla and papillary tips Urinary pelvis	Intestinal resection (40-45 cm)	4 mo after surgery	Hyperoxaluria, Hypocitraturia	Interstitial inflammation
Ogawa et al[29], 1990	Rats	CaOx	Cortex and medulla tubules	Glycolic acid supplements	4 wk	Hyperoxaluria
Di Tommaso et al[32], 2002	Rats	CaOx CaP	Tubules, plaques on papillary tips, renal fornices, pelvis and bladder	Vitamine B6 deficient diet	12 wk	Hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia	Tubules, inflammation

CaP: Calcium phosphate; CaOx: Calcium oxalate.