Metabolic evaluation in first time and recurrent urinary stone formers: Study from a tertiary care center of India

Table 1 Demographic characteristics, n (%)

Characteristic	FTSF (n = 30)	RSF (n = 40)	P value
Age (years, mean ± SD)	36.5 ± 13.8	39.4 ± 14.7	0.42
Sex (male/female)	18/12	23/17	0.84
Occupation			0.93
Farmers	10 (33.3)	13 (32.5)
Laborers	7 (23.3)	10 (25.0)
Housewives	6 (20.0)	7 (17.5)
BMI category			0.55
≤ 25	25 (83.3)	31 (77.5)
25-35	4 (13.3)	8 (20.0)
> 35	1 (3.3)	1 (2.5)

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Clinical features, n (%)

Symptom	FTSF	RSF	P value
Pain	26 (86.7)	36 (90.0)	0.66
LUTS	10 (33.3)	15 (37.5)	0.72
Fever	8 (26.7)	13 (32.5)	0.60
Hematuria	6 (20.0)	9 (22.5)	0.80
Dysuria	2 (6.7)	3 (7.5)	0.90
Vomiting	2 (6.7)	3 (7.5)	0.90

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers; LUTS: Lower urinary tract symptoms.

Table 3 Dietary and fluid intake, n (%)

Variable	FTSF (n = 30)	RSF (n = 40)	P value
Diet (mixed/vegetarian)	24/6	32/8	1.00
Fluid intake			0.95
< 2 L/day	14 (46.7)	19 (47.5)
2-3 L/day	12 (40.0)	17 (42.5)
> 3 L/day	4 (13.3)	4 (10.0)

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers.

Table 4 Stone characteristics, n (%)

Characteristic	FTSF	RSF	P value
Renal stone	13 (43.3)	16 (40.0)	0.78
Ureteric stone	16 (53.3)	22 (55.0)	0.89
Stone < 10 mm	10 (33.3)	10 (25.0)	0.45
Stone 10-20 mm	15 (50.0)	21 (52.5)	0.83
Stone > 20 mm	5 (16.7)	9 (22.5)	0.55
Bilateral	6 (20.0)	13 (32.5)	0.25
Multiple stones	7 (23.3)	14 (35.0)	0.30

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers.

Table 5 Stone composition (n = 29)

Composition	n (%)
Calcium phosphate	11 (37.9)
Mixed	9 (31.0)
Calcium oxalate	6 (20.6)
Uric acid	2 (6.8)
Other	1 (3.4)

Table 6 Metabolic abnormalities, n (%)

Abnormality	Total (n = 70)	FTSF (n = 30)	RSF (n = 40)	OR	95%CI	P value
Hypercalciuria	27 (38.5)	11 (36.6)	16 (40.0)	1.15	0.45-2.94	0.78
Hyperoxaluria	21 (30.0)	9 (30.0)	12 (30.0)	1.00	0.36-2.77	1.00
Hypocitraturia	16 (22.8)	7 (23.3)	9 (22.5)	0.96	0.31-2.98	0.94
Low urine volume	16 (22.8)	7 (23.3)	9 (22.5)	0.96	0.31-2.98	0.94
Hyperuricosuria	10 (14.2)	4 (13.3)	6 (15.0)	1.15	0.29-4.45	0.84
Hyperphosphatemia	11 (15.7)	5 (16.7)	6 (15.0)	0.88	0.26-2.96	0.85
Primary hyperparathyroidism	8 (11.4)	3 (10.0)	5 (12.5)	1.29	0.27-6.13	0.74
No abnormality	11 (15.7)	7 (23.3)	4 (10.0)	0.36	0.10-1.24	0.12

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 7 Management patterns, n (%)

Management	Total (n = 70)	FTSF (n = 30)	RSF (n = 40)
Conservative	5 (7.1)	3 (10.0)	2 (5.0)
Spontaneous passage	3 (4.2)	2 (6.7)	1 (2.5)
Surgical	62 (88.6)	25 (83.3)	37 (92.5)
URSL	29 (41.4)	12 (40.0)	17 (42.5)
PCNL	20 (28.6)	8 (26.7)	12 (30.0)
Other	13 (18.6)	5 (16.7)	8 (20.0)

FTSF: First time stone formers; RSF: Recurrent stone formers; URSL: Ureteroscopic lithoripsy; PCNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.