Gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N-oxide exacerbates diabetic nephropathy by promoting renal fibrosis

Table 1 Renal function and trimethylamine N-oxide expression in rats

Groups	Renal function index
	β2-microglobulin (mg/L)	Cystatin C (mg/L)	Uric acid (μmol/L)	Creatinine (μmol/L)	TMAO (mmol/L)
C1	0.03 ± 0.002	0.02 ± 0.005	88.4 ± 3.2	41.2 ± 2.1	6.2 ± 0.3
E1	0.18 ± 0.03a	1.73 ± 0.1a	142.8 ± 6.3a	55.3 ± 3.6a	14.6 ± 2.1a
C2	0.03 ± 0.003	0.03 ± 0.008	82.5 ± 6.5	40.1 ± 1.6	3.2 ± 0.3
E2	0.10 ± 0.02a,b	1.03 ± 0.07a,b	113.5 ± 5.1a,b	49.7 ± 2.5a,b	10.3 ± 1.5a,b

^aP < 0.01, compared with C1.

^bP < 0.05, E2 compared with E1.

TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide.