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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 109382
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109382
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109382
Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics predicting mortality on univariate analysis, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25th-75th percentiles)
| Parameter | Total (n = 354) | Survivor (n = 251) | Died (n = 103) | P value |
| Age (years) | 48.8 ± 15.5 | 47.2 ± 15.9 | 52.7 ± 13.7 | 0.002 |
| Age ≥ 60 years | 101 (28.5) | 69 (27.5) | 32 (31.1) | 0.498 |
| Male gender | 204 (57.6) | 147 (58.6) | 57 (55.3) | 0.577 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 265 (74.9) | 189 (75.3) | 76 (73.8) | 0.786 |
| Diabetes | 163 (46.0) | 103 (41.0) | 60 (58.3) | 0.003 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 59 (16.7) | 39 (15.5) | 20 (19.4) | 0.374 |
| Coronary artery disease | 49 (13.8) | 30 (12.0) | 19 (18.4) | 0.108 |
| Stroke | 15 (4.2) | 9 (3.6) | 6 (5.8) | 0.342 |
| Decompensated chronic liver disease | 17 (4.8) | 9 (3.6) | 8 (7.8) | 0.105 |
| Hepatitis B or C | 21 (5.9) | 13 (5.2) | 8 (7.8) | 0.349 |
| Charlson’s comorbidity index | 4 (3-6) | 4 (2-6) | 5 (4-6) | 0.003 |
| CKD characteristics | ||||
| CKD etiology unknown | 153 (43.2) | 111 (44.2) | 42 (40.8) | 0.552 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 126 (35.6) | 79 (31.5) | 47 (45.6) | 0.012 |
| Duration of CKD > 1 year | 264 (74.6) | 190 (75.7) | 74 (71.8) | 0.450 |
| CKD stage 4 or 5 | 260 (73.4) | 183 (72.9) | 77 (74.8) | 0.721 |
| CKD stage 5 | 214 (60.5) | 155 (61.8) | 59 (57.3) | 0.435 |
| Patients on maintenance dialysis | 146 (41.2) | 108 (43.0) | 38 (36.9) | 0.230 |
| Presenting symptoms and signs | ||||
| Shortness of breath | 147 (41.5) | 103 (41.0) | 44 (42.7) | 0.770 |
| Fever | 120 (33.9) | 85 (33.9) | 35 (34.0) | 0.983 |
| Altered mental status | 88 (24.9) | 48 (19.1) | 40 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
| Reduced urine output | 34 (9.6) | 17 (6.8) | 17 (16.5) | 0.005 |
| Generalized weakness or fatigue | 25 (7.1) | 18 (7.2) | 7 (6.8) | 0.900 |
| Vomiting or anorexia | 21 (5.9) | 19 (7.6) | 2 (1.9) | 0.042 |
| Seizures | 22 (6.2) | 15 (6.0) | 7 (6.8) | 0.772 |
| Glasgow coma scale | 13 (15-15) | 15 (15-15) | 13 (8-15) | < 0.001 |
| Glasgow coma scale < 15 | 116 (32.8) | 52 (20.7) | 64 (62.1) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.9 ± 34.4 | 136.9 ± 34.0 | 123.0 ± 33.7 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.1 ± 21.9 | 81.5 ± 20.8 | 73.4 ± 23.5 | 0.002 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 70.6 ± 18.1 | 72.8 ± 17.5 | 65.4 ± 18.5 | 0.001 |
| Hypotension | 53 (15.0) | 26 (10.4) | 27 (26.2) | < 0.001 |
| Pulse rate (per minute) | 97.9 ± 18.9 | 96.8 ± 19.2 | 100.5 ± 18.0 | 0.103 |
| Respiratory rate (per minute) | 22.6 ± 4.2 | 22.2 ± 4.1 | 23.9 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| qSOFA ≥ 2 | 119 (33.6) | 60 (23.9) | 59 (57.3) | < 0.001 |
Table 2 Baseline laboratory parameters predicting mortality on univariate analysis, n (%)/mean ± SD/median (25th-75th percentiles)
| Parameter | Total (n = 354) | Survivor (n = 251) | Died (n = 103) | P value |
| Random plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 6.9 (5.3-10.0) | 6.6 (5.4-9.3) | 7.6 (5.1-12.8) | 0.133 |
| Hyperglycemia | 73 (20.6) | 39 (15.5) | 34 (33.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hypoglycemia | 40 (11.3) | 24 (9.6) | 16 (15.5) | 0.107 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 134.1 ± 7.8 | 133.4 ± 7.3 | 135.6 ± 8.8 | 0.015 |
| Hyponatremia | 166 (46.9) | 123 (49.0) | 43 (41.7) | 0.214 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 0.955 |
| Severe hyperkalemia | 42 (11.9) | 31 (12.4) | 11 (10.7) | 0.659 |
| Blood urea (mmol/L) | 57.3 (37.5-79.8) | 56.8 (37.8-81.0) | 58.6 (36.8-79.3) | 0.949 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 690 (468-963) | 725 (530-1016) | 530 (416-805) | < 0.001 |
| Serum bilirubin (μmol/L) | 8.6 (6.8-13.7) | 8.6 (6.8-12.0) | 10.3 (5.1-15.4) | 0.149 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 27 (18-54) | 25 (17-49) | 35 (21-72) | 0.003 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 22 (11-39) | 22 (11-39) | 21 (13.5-43) | 0.454 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 133 (97.5-211.25) | 130 (94-187) | 165 (113.5-272) | 0.093 |
| Total serum protein (g/L) | 62.9 ± 9.2 | 63.9 ± 9.0 | 60.6 ± 9.4 | 0.004 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 29.1 ± 7.0 | 29.9 ± 6.6 | 27.1 ± 7.5 | 0.001 |
| Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.06 ± 0.31 | 2.05 ± 0.31 | 2.08 ± 0.30 | 0.540 |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.81 ± 0.68 | 1.80 ± 0.69 | 1.80 ± 0.64 | 0.724 |
| Serum magnesium (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.22 | 1.04 ± 0.18 | 0.582 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 75.6 ± 22.2 | 73.4 ± 21.8 | 81.1 ± 22.4 | 0.003 |
| Platelets (per μL) | 166000 (103000-244000) | 166000 (108000-248000) | 147000 (78000-227000) | 0.864 |
| Total leukocyte count (per μL) | 11400 (7600-17525) | 10900 (7400-16300) | 13200 (8800-20000) | 0.023 |
| Leukocytosis | 184 (52.0) | 123 (49.0) | 61 (59.2) | 0.080 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 84 (76-88) | 82 (74-88) | 86 (78.5-89.5) | 0.046 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 8 (5-13) | 8 (5-13) | 7 (4-12.75) | 0.977 |
| Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio | 10.9 (5.75-18.0) | 10.25 (5.5-17.75) | 12.4 (5.9-22.1) | 0.220 |
Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression showing predictors of mortality
| Parameter | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | P value |
| Age (years) | 1.001 (0.991-1.014) | 0.636 |
| Diabetes | 0.989 (0.671-1.458) | 0.956 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.970 (0.889-1.059) | 0.498 |
| Glasgow coma scale < 15 | 1.822 (1.112-2.984) | 0.017 |
| Hypotension | 0.682 (0.417-1.117) | 0.129 |
| qSOFA ≥ 2 | 0.953 (0.576-1.574) | 0.850 |
| Hyperglycemia | 1.641 (1.080-2.494) | 0.020 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 0.989 (0.975-1.003) | 0.130 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 1.270 (1.026-1.572) | 0.028 |
- Citation: Prabhahar A, Vijaykumar NA, Kaur H, Sharma N, Pannu AK. Baseline predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to the emergency department. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(4): 109382
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i4/109382.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.109382