Ocular biomarkers in diabetes mellitus with diabetic kidney disease: A minireview

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Sep 25, 2025 (publication date) through Sep 17, 2025

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Nephrol. Sep 25, 2025; 14(3): 109470
Published online Sep 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.109470

Table 1 Various ocular involvements in early and late diabetic kidney disease

Ophthalmic findings in early and late diabetic kidney disease
Lid edema due to fluid overload
Dry eye disease
Conjunctival pallor (association with anaemia)
Cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration
Retinal vascular abnormalities (associated hypertensive retinopathy)
Foveal avascular zone abnormalities, abnormalities in retinal capillaries

Citation: Menia NK, Morya AK, Gupta PC, Ramachandran R. Ocular biomarkers in diabetes mellitus with diabetic kidney disease: A minireview. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(3): 109470
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i3/109470.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i3.109470