Glomerular filtration rate and comorbidity factors in elderly hospitalizations

doi:10.5527/wjn.v14.i1.98837

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Mar 25, 2025 (publication date) through Feb 1, 2025

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World Journal of Nephrology

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2220-6124

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Nephrol. Mar 25, 2025; 14(1): 98837
Published online Mar 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i1.98837

Table 1 Patients characteristics, mean ± SD

Variable	G1	G2	G3a	G3b	G4	G5	P value
Age of males, years	81.7 ± 5.8	80.6 ± 3.9	81.7 ± 5.8	80.6 ± 3.9	82.6 ± 5.0	82.5 ± 4.7	0.106
Age of females, years	79.9 ± 3.5	80.1 ± 3.9	79.9 ± 3.5	80.1 ± 3.9	81.8 ± 4.8	81.8 ± 3.9	0.106
Serum urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	19 ± 8	21 ± 7	28 ± 13	39 ± 20	63 ± 28	87 ± 25	0.01
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.64 ± 0.1	0.87 ± 0.1	1.18 ± 0.17	1.56 ± 0.2	2.42 ± 0.55	4.88 ± 2.09	0.01
GFR (mL/kg/1.73 m²)	109.1 ± 18	72.4 ± 8.1	52.2 ± 4.2	37.8 ± 4.6	23.1 ± 4.4	11.1 ± 3.2	0.01
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11 ± 3	11 ± 3	11 ± 3	11 ± 2	11 ± 2	11 ± 2	0.01
Hematocrit (g/dL)	33 ± 9	35 ± 8	34 ± 9	33 ± 7	34 ± 8	34 ± 7	0.01
No comorbidity, n (%)	111 ± 24, 24 (16.3)	73.7 ± 9, 64 (43.5)	52.5 ± 4.6, 29 (19.7)	38.8 ± 4.1, 21 (14.3)	23.4 ± 3.3, 7 (4.8)	12.5 ± 2.1, 2 (1.4)	0.010
MDS, n (%)	136 ± 36, 4 (16)	69 ± 6.7, 12 (48)	48.1 ± 3.4, 3 (12)	35.4 ± 4.1, 4 (16)	20.7 ± 6, 12 (8)	0	0.396
Diabetes, n (%)	105 ± 11.5, 21 (12.7)	72.6 ± 7.7, 43 (25.9)	51.8 ± 3.6, 27 (16.3)	37.5 ± 4.6, 42 (25.3)	23.2 ± 4.4, 18 (10.8%)	11 ± 3.4, 15 (9%)	0.020
Alzheimer’s, n (%)	112 ± 12, 11 (25)	74.6 ± 7.8, 9 (20.5)	50.5 ± 3.3, 6 (13.6)	35.7 ± 5, 6 (13.6)	24.9 ± 3.8, 9 (20.5%)	8.1 ± 4, 3 (6.8%)	0.078
CAD, n (%)	103 ± 0.6, 2 (9.5)	70.5 ± 10, 552.2 ± 8 (31)	52.2 ± 5.5, 2 (9.5)	35.3 ± 3, 3 (14.3)	24.5 ± 6.7, 3 (14.3)	11.5 ± 1.3, 3 (14.3)	0.690
CVO, n (%)	95.8 ± 6.4, 2 (20)	69.6, 1 (10)	0	36.6 ± 8.9, 2 (20)	16.9, 1 (10)	12 ± 2.8, 4 (40)	0.046
Arterial hypertension, n (%)	107 ± 15, 27 (16)	71 ± 7.4, 57 (33.9)	52.6 ± 4.5, 24 (14.3)	39.1 ± 4.5, 24 (14.3)	22.2 ± 4.5, 19 (11.3)	11.3 ± 3.5, 17 (10.1)	0.341
COPD, n (%)	111.6, 1 (12.5)	74.9 ± 17, 2 (25)	54 ± 2, 43 (37.5)	0	21.9 ± 5.2, 2 (25)	0	0.279
Cancer, n (%)	0	81.4, 1 (9,1)	56.9 ± 2.1, 2 (18.2)	37.2 ± 5.3, 6 (54.5)	28.5, 1 (9.1)	10.2, 1 (9.1)	0.034

GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; MDS: Myelodysplastic syndrome; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVO: Cerebrovascular disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Table 2 Causes of hospitalization by glomerular filtration rate stage, mean ± SD (%)

Reason for hospitalization	G1	G2	G3a	G3b	G4	G5	P value¹
Anemia	110.9 ± 18.6 (35.9)	71.4 ± 7.9 (33.0)	51.5 ± 4.2 (40.6)	37.6 ± 4.5 (34.3)	22.9 ± 5.5 (21.0)	10.9 ± 2.9 (11.1)	0.030
Hyperglycemia	100.6 ± 8.1 (7.6)	73 ± 6.8 (13.7)	52.2 ± 3.8 (21.9)	38 ± 5 (18.5)	24.9 ± 4.6 (14.5)	0	0.331
Pneumonia	104.4 ± 8.3 (4.3)	78.1 ± 7.7 (4.6)	55.5 ± 3.8 (2.1)	40.2 ± 1.5 (2.8)	27 (1.6)	0	0.541
Urine infection	108.1 ± 29.4 (4.3)	73.5 ± 8.5 (11.7)	53.2 ± 5.6 (7.3)	37.9 ± 5.2 (8.3)	24.6 ± 3.7 (4.8)	12.5 (2.2)	0.130
Hyponatremia	104.4 ± 10.7 (9.8)	73.7 ± 9.7 (3.0)	52.8 ± 4.6 (6.3)	38.8 ± 3.9 (5.6)	25.3 ± 0.9 (6.5)	13.6 (2.2)	0.233
Malnutrition	109.5 ± 22.2 (27.2)	72.3 ± 8.6 (21.8)	53.4 ± 3 (11.3)	38.7 ± 4.2 (20.3)	25.7 ± 2.4 (13.5)	0	0.000
Acute renal failure	121 (1.1)	0	0	35.4 ± 5.4 (8.3)	20.1 ± 3.4 (32.3)	10.9 ± 3.5 (77.8)	0.000
Hypernatremia	105.3 (1.1)	0	0	0	27 (1.6)	11.7 ± 0.1 (4.4)	0.019
Hypoglycemia	110 (1.1)	74.3 ± 11 (3.0)	48.5 ± 3.9 (2.1)	34 (0.9)	25.4 ± 3.3 (3.2)	0	0.620
Polycythemia	91.4 (1.1)	69 ± 3.1 (2.5)	53.4 ± 7.9 (2.1)	0	0	0	0.354
Gastroenteritis	140.9 ± 5.9 (2.2)	71 (0.5)	53.1 ± 6.1 (3.1)	35.5 ± 3.5 (1.9)	4.5 ± 12 (3.2)	12 (2.2)	0.611

¹Fisher’s exact test and Pearson χ²-tests.

Table 3 Reason for hospitalization and comorbidity factors relationship, n (%)

Reason for hospitalization	None	MDS	Diabetes	Alzheimer’s	CAD	CVO	Arterial hypertension	COPD	Cancer	P value¹
Anemia	69 (35.8)	24 (12.4)	24 (12.4)	14 (7.3)	7 (3.6)	2 (1.0)	44 (22.8)	4 (2.1)	5 (2.6)	0.01
Hyperglycemia	2 (2.4)	1 (1.2)	78 (92.9)	0	0	0	3 (3.6)	0	0	0.506
Pneumonia	6 (31.6)	0	7 (36.8)	0	0	0	5 (26.3)	1 (5.3)	0	0.545
Urine infection	18 (38.3)	0	4 (8.5)	5 (10.6)	4 (8.5)	3 (6.4)	13 (27.7)	0	0	0.02
Hyponatremia	3 (9.4)	0	4 (12.5)	3 (9.4)	2 (6.3)	0	17 (53.1)	1 (3.1)	2 (6.3)	0.07
Malnutrition	37 (29.6)	0	15 (12.0)	18 (14.4)	5 (4.0)	0	46 (36.8)	2 (1.6)	2 (1.6)	0.01
Acute renal failure	5 (7.7)	0	21 (32.3)	3 (4.6)	3 (4.6)	4 (6.2)	27 (41.5)	0	2 (3.1)	0.01
Hypernatremia	1 (25.0)	0	0	1 (25.0)	0	1 (25.0)	1 (25.0)	0	0	0.037
Hypoglycemia	1 (8.3)	0	10 (83.3)	0	0	0	1 (8.3)	0	0	0.14
Polycythemia	0	0	0	0	0	0	8 (100.0)	0	0	0.08
Gastroenteritis	5 (45.5)	0	3 (27.3)	0	0	0	3 (27.3)	0	0	0.835

¹Pearson χ²-tests.

MDS: Myelodysplastic syndrome; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVO: Cerebrovascular disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Citation: Hamarat H. Glomerular filtration rate and comorbidity factors in elderly hospitalizations. World J Nephrol 2025; 14(1): 98837
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i1/98837.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i1.98837