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World Journal of Nephrology
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2220-6124
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Nephrol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 110749
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110749
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Pathogens causing urinary tract infections. UTI: Urinary tract infections.
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Figure 2 Laboratory methods used in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections. MALDI-TOF MS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell.
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Figure 3 Classification of urinary biomarkers based on biological origin. NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; KIM-1: Kidney Injury molecule-1; IL: Interleukin; HBP: Heparin-binding protein; LBP: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; XO: Xanthine oxidase; cfDNA: Cell-free DNA; trDNA: Transrenal DNA.
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Figure 4 Multiple forms of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
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Figure 5 Structure of kidney Injury molecule-1. KIM: Kidney Injury molecule.
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Figure 6 Treatment of urinary tract infections. UTI: Urinary tract infections.
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Figure 7 Clinical impact of biomarker-based rapid screening in urinary tract infections. UTI: Urinary tract infections.
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