Ocular biomarkers in diabetes mellitus with diabetic kidney disease: A minireview

Figure 1  Fundus Image of a patient with laser-treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy with clinically significant macular edema and diabetic nephropathy.

Figure 2  Optical coherence tomography image showing cystoid spaces with hyper-reflective dots and disorganization of outer and inner retinal layers.

Figure 3 Left eye treated for proliferative diabetic retinopathy with dull foveal reflex in a patient with diabetic nephropathy. OS: Outer segment.

Figure 4  Optical coherence tomography photograph of the left eye showing massive cystoid spaces and intraretinal fluid leading to diffuse retinal thickness and disorganization of inner retinal layers.