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World J Nephrol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 115252
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115252
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v15.i1.115252
Hyponatremia: Evolving diagnostics and emerging therapeutics in clinical practice
Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez, Luis Hernan Barranco-Hernandez, Gibran Gonzalez-Alvarez, Luis A Bastida-Castro, German Barrientos-Cabrera, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez, Carlos Fernando Martínez-Cabrera, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacán 04360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez, Luis Enrique Gutierrez-Rosas, Carlos Fernando Martínez-Cabrera, Centro de Investigación y Gastroenterología, Benito Juárez 03330, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Andrea Rocha-Haro, Department of Internal Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, United States
Joana Balderas-Juarez, Mauricio A Salinas-Ramirez, Jose L Hernandez-Castillo, Department of Nephrology, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Author contributions: Martínez-Sánchez FD, Gutierrez-Rosas LE, and Barranco-Hernandez LH contributed equally to the conception, design, and drafting of the manuscript; Martínez-Sánchez FD, Gutierrez-Rosas LE, and Gonzalez-Alvarez G were responsible for the design and creation of the figures; Gonzalez-Alvarez G, Bastida-Castro LA, Rocha-Haro A, Barrientos-Cabrera G, Martínez-Cabrera CF, Balderas-Juarez J, Salinas-Ramírez MA, and Hernández-Castillo JL contributed to the literature review and critical content revision; Martínez-Sánchez FD and Rocha-Haro A were responsible for English language revision and verification of the final manuscript. Martínez-Sánchez FD critically reviewed the final version and approved it for submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Froylan David Martínez-Sánchez, MD, MSc, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Received: October 15, 2025
Revised: November 19, 2025
Accepted: January 16, 2026
Published online: March 25, 2026
Processing time: 152 Days and 21.7 Hours
Revised: November 19, 2025
Accepted: January 16, 2026
Published online: March 25, 2026
Processing time: 152 Days and 21.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Hyponatremia, defined as a low concentration of sodium in the blood, is the most frequent electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. Its causes are diverse and often overlap, from hormonal imbalances to medication effects or underlying heart, liver, and kidney conditions. Effective and safe correction depends on accurately identifying whether the body has too much or too little water, rather than simply restricting fluids. Bedside ultrasound (point-of-care ultrasonography) and simple laboratory tools such as the Furst equation allow clinicians to assess fluid status objectively, predict response to fluid restriction, and guide personalized treatment strategies that reduce complications and improve patient outcomes.