Dietary management of patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive literature review

Core Tip

Core Tip: Effective management of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Middle East and North Africa region requires culturally sensitive, evidence-based strategies. Protein intake should be tailored to 0.8–1.3 g/kg/day, emphasizing plant-based sources like legumes and soy to reduce kidney stress. Glycemic control focuses on reducing refined carbohydrates, choosing low-glycemic, high-fiber foods, and sequencing meals with carbohydrates consumed last. Heart-healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and fatty fish should replace saturated and trans fats to lower cardiovascular risk. Electrolyte and fluid management includes limiting sodium to less than 2 g per day, restricting potassium and phosphorus from processed sources, and adjusting fluid intake based on CKD stage. Cultural adaptations are key, allowing for traditional foods like hummus and whole grains within Mediterranean or dietary approach to stop hypertension diet patterns. During Ramadan, care plans should be personalized with attention to hydration and medication adjustments to ensure safe fasting practices.