Assessment of chronic kidney disease and associated factors at Wolkite University Specialized Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Kidney is the vital organ that plays a great role in maintaining an optimal internal environment. The normal kidney function can be altered by physical injury or disease. Currently, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing major health problem worldwide. In 2017, it was ranked as the 12^th leading cause of death and is expected to rise to the 5^th ranked cause of death by 2040. Therefore, early detection, increasing patients' awareness and treatment of CKD are required to hold the problem. However, despite its higher prevalence of hospitalized morbidity and mortality, little is known about the magnitude and associated factor of CKD in the Ethiopian context. Hence this study aimed to determine the magnitude of CKD and associated factors at Wolkite University Specialized Hospital (WKUSTH), South West Ethiopia.

AIM

To determine the magnitude, and associated factors of CKD in WKUSTH, Ethiopia.

METHODS

Institutional based cross-sectional study with secondary data was conducted from November 15, 2021 to February 28, 2022 at WKUSTH. Three hundred forty five (345) participants were selected by a convenient sampling technique. Creatinine and urea were measured using cobas311 fully automated chemistry analyzer and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using CKD epidemiology collaboration formula. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by using a pretested questionnaire. Data were coded and entered into EpiData 3.1 version and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Bivariate analysis was used to screen candidate variables for multivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis a P value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The magnitude of CKD by impaired eGFR were 54 (15.7%) (95%CI: 0.116-0.194). In multivariable analysis, older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.91, 95%CI: 2.41-14.47)], hypertension (AOR =10.41, 95%CI: 4.55-23.81), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 5.90, 95%CI: 2.14-16.23), high body mass index (AOR = 3.0, 95%CI: 1.30-7.27), and anemia (AOR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.26-6.88) were independently associated with CKD.

CONCLUSION

The magnitude of CKD among adult patients admitted to WKUSTH was high. Hence, researchers need to do a population-based study and longitudinal study on the magnitude of CKD, associated factors. Estimation of GFR for all hospitalized patients might help to early detection of CKD and prevent complications.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Glomerular filtration rate; Magnitude; Associated factor; Kidney

Core Tip: The core tip of this manuscript is to assess chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated factors at Wolkite University Specialized Hospital. Accordingly, during admission 54 (15.7%) medical ward admitted patients with 95%CI: 0.116-0.194) had CKD by impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). While during discharge 71 (20.58%) medical ward admitted patients with 95%CI: 0.165-0.249) of the patients had CKD by impaired eGFR. This implies about 4.95% of the admitted patients develop kidney disease in hospital during their stay. Therefore, especially, for this resource limited country, screening of kidney disease for admitted patients is essential.