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Wang L, Yu Y, Jiang Z, Lin F, Zhong Y, Wang C, Huang S, Xu Z. Inverse association between prognostic nutritional index and kidney stone prevalence: A population-based study. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0318254. [PMID: 39964992 PMCID: PMC11835330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0318254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney stones frequently occur due to metabolic disorders, dietary habits, and lifestyle influences. The Prognostic Nutritional Index, which reflects an individual's nutritional condition, might be associated with kidney stone prevalence. This study examines the association between PNI and kidney stone prevalence in US adults. METHODS The study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from 2009-2018 and excluded pregnant women, and individuals who lacked data on kidney stones, or had incomplete Prognostic Nutritional Index data. Independent associations between Prognostic Nutritional Index and kidney stones were investigated by multivariate logistic regression and subgroup analyses, in addition to exploring nonlinear associations using smoothed curves and threshold effects. RESULTS A total of 13,835 participants aged ≥ 20 years were included, with a kidney stone prevalence of 8.48%. An inverse association was observed between the Prognostic Nutritional Index and kidney stone prevalence (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96-0.98, P < 0.001). This relationship was not significantly modified by race, education, marital status, or comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. However, sex and total cholesterol levels influenced the association. Stratified analysis showed a significant negative association in men (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99, P = 0.031), but not in women. A nonlinear relationship was identified in individuals with total cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L, with a significant negative association below the inflection point of 57 (OR = 0.96, P = 0.012) and a positive association above it (OR = 1.11, P = 0.03). These findings suggest that the Prognostic Nutritional Index is inversely associated with kidney stones, particularly in men and those with high cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION The Prognostic Nutritional Index was negatively associated with the risk of kidney stones, particularly in men and individuals with high cholesterol levels below the identified inflection point, suggesting that tailored nutritional management may be crucial for these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Yu
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwen Jiang
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Center, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuxiang Lin
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhong
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidan Huang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhanping Xu
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Skolarikos A, Somani B, Neisius A, Jung H, Petřík A, Tailly T, Davis N, Tzelves L, Geraghty R, Lombardo R, Bezuidenhout C, Gambaro G. Metabolic Evaluation and Recurrence Prevention for Urinary Stone Patients: An EAU Guidelines Update. Eur Urol 2024; 86:343-363. [PMID: 39069389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to define patients who are at high risk of recurrence of urolithiasis, to delineate diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for each type of stone, and to clarify general guidelines and recommendations for prevention of recurrence. METHODS A professional research librarian carried out literature searches for all sections of the urolithiasis guidelines, covering the timeframe between 1976 and June 2023. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS For every patient with urolithiasis, an attempt should be made to analyse the stone. Patients should be given general instructions on how to prevent recurrence, including adequate fluid and calcium intake, and low consumption of sodium and protein. Identifying and correcting the causative factors is a cornerstone in preventing the recurrence of urolithiasis. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms by stone composition are available. Every patient should undergo baseline metabolic screening, while patients with calcium stones, who are at high risk of relapse and complications, should undergo extensive metabolic screening with two 24-h urine collections and should receive targeted therapy. Patients with uric acid, infection, or cystine stones are at high risk of relapse. All patients at high risk of recurrence should be closely monitored, especially those not complying with therapy in the long term. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Metabolic stone evaluation and patient follow-up are highly recommended to prevent urolithiasis recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Skolarikos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Bhaskar Somani
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andreas Neisius
- Department of Urology, Hospital of the Brothers of Mercy Trier, Medical Campus University Mainz, Trier, Germany
| | - Helene Jung
- Urinvejskirurgisk Afdeling, Sygehus Lillebælt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Alec Petřík
- Department of Urology, Region Hospital, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Thomas Tailly
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Gante, Gante, Belgium
| | - Niall Davis
- Department of Urology, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lazaros Tzelves
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Rob Geraghty
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Carla Bezuidenhout
- European Association of Urology Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Bolasco P, Reggiardo G. Influence of Dietary Heritage in a Restricted Geographic Area and Role of Food Additives on Risk of Recurrent Kidney Stone. Nutrients 2024; 16:2984. [PMID: 39275299 PMCID: PMC11396994 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary factors may be implicated in the formation of kidney stones and should be closely monitored. To achieve this aim, patients are routinely assessed by means of generic dietary recall, a tool widely used by authors in a range of extensive patient populations to record food intake; the findings obtained, however, may be skewed due to dietary variations and underestimation of the effect of food additives. Fifty Frequent Kidney Stone Formers (FKSFs, mean age: 54.3 ± 13.9 years) with normal kidney function, absence of comorbidities, and reliable compliance were selected from a total of 68 patients' resident in Sardinia, an Italian island where genetic admixtures have been relatively rare for generations. The study, conducted from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2023, was aimed at assessing nutritional values based on the meticulous recording of food quantities, quality, and potential modifications related to food preparation. Patients were selected during an initial clinical check-up and all efforts made to ensure they were capable of reliably recording all food and drinks consumed. A seven-day food diary was provided in which food and drink intake and their impact on 24 h urine output was recorded. The following parameters were measured in both foods and urine output: citrates, oxalates, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, proteins and nitrogen compounds, magnesium, sulfates, potassium, carbohydrates, free fatty acids. Study outcomes established the presence of hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, and moderately high levels of nitrogen compounds. Univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis for further confirmation were performed and the following observations made. Citrate intake correlated with citraturia but did not promote oxaluria; calcium intake promoted onset of sulfaturia, azoturia, and ammoniuria, whilst magnesium correlated with magnesiuria but not with oxaluria, calciuria, phosphaturia, and azoturia; sulfate intake elicited onset of azoturia but not kaliuresis; potassium intake promoted oxaluria and protein intake resulted in onset of ammoniuria and azoturia. (A) The chemical composition of urine based on dietary intake is hard to predict without taking into account the presence of dietary and urinary interferents; (B) the geographic isolation of patients studied underlines the importance of epigenetics in maintaining a traditional dietary heritage. (C) Moreover, the widespread use of food additives should consistently be taken into account to ensure a correct diagnosis of FKSF and set up a valid treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Bolasco
- Nephrolithiasis and Rare Nephrocalcinosis Study Group, Italian Society of Nephrology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Reggiardo
- Department of Biostatistics, Consortium for Biological and Pharmacological Evaluations (CVBF), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Jv M, Zheng J, Yang A, Xie W, Zhu W. Genetic mutation of SLC6A20 (c.1072T > C) in a family with nephrolithiasis: A case report. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230648. [PMID: 36820062 PMCID: PMC9938640 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent disease worldwide that is associated with significant suffering, renal failure, and cost for the healthcare system. A patient with nephrolithiasis was found to have SLC6A20 variation. SLC6A20 gene in human is located on chromosome 3p21.3, which is a member of SLC6 family of membrane transporters and the product of this gene expression is transporter protein of sub-amino acid transporter system. The previous studies have reported that the mutation of SLC6A20 may cause hyperglycinuria or iminoglycinuria which may lead to nephrolithiasis. The object was to investigate the relationship between nephrolithiasis and SLC6A20 through pedigree genetic analysis. To explore whether the SLC6A20 mutation can cause hereditary nephrolithiasis, and provide evidence for further research. The urine and blood were collected from the patients for compositional analysis. DNA sequencing was applied to analyze the gene mutation. Labial gland and kidney biopsy were conducted for pathological analysis. As a result we reported a rare family case of nephrolithiasis accompanied by primary Sjogren's syndrome and investigated it by examining the family members with whole exome gene sequencing technology and detecting 20 different amino acids and 132 kinds of organic acids in the urine with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We discovered that the proband and her mother had hyperglycinuria and the proband (Ⅱ2), her sister (Ⅱ3), and mother (Ⅰ1) were found to carry the SLC6A20 gene exon NM_020208.3 sequence c.1072T > C heterozygous mutation, and the other family members (Ⅰ2, Ⅱ1, Ⅱ4, Ⅲ1, Ⅲ2) did not carry the genetic mutation. As a conclusion, the heterozygous mutation of SLC6A20 (c.1072T > C) might be contributed to hyperglycinuria and the formation of nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Jv
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Anni Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Janrod M, Srisa-Art M. Simultaneous colorimetric detection of nephrolithiasis biomarkers using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:752-761. [PMID: 36661131 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01648f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) coupled with colorimetric detection was developed for simultaneous determination of urinary oxalate, citrate and uric acid (UA) which are important biomarkers of nephrolithiasis or kidney stones. The colorimetric detections were based on enzymatic reactions using oxalate oxidase and uricase for oxalate and UA, respectively, while an indicator displacement assay (IDA) using a copper murexide complex was applied for citrate detection. The developed μPAD was successfully applied for simultaneous determination of the three biomarkers in urine within 25 min, with linear ranges of 2-40, 5-150, and 5-45 mg L-1 and detection limits of 0.6, 2.9 and 3.1 mg L-1 for oxalate, UA, and citrate, respectively. The values of the percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) were lower than 6.4% for inter-day and intraday measurements of oxalate, citrate and UA standards spiked in urine samples with recovery percentages in the range of 81.0-109.8%, indicating acceptable accuracy and precision of the developed method for determination of the three biomarkers in urine samples. Accordingly, the developed μPAD holds great promise to be a simple, fast, inexpensive, low-sample and reagent volume, reliable and portable tool for simultaneous determination of oxalate, citrate and UA in urine, especially for on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manassawee Janrod
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Aryaeefar MR, Khakbaz A, Akbari S, Movahedi A, Gazerani A, Bidkhori M, Moeini V. Effect of Alhagi Maurorum distillate on ureteral stone expulsion: A single-blind randomized trial. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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COURSE FEATURES OF PEDIATRIC RENAL MICROLITHIASIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CHILDREN. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2022-3-81-94-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the incidence of nephrolithiasis in children doubles every 10 years it is becoming a common disease associated with significant morbidity along with considerable economic burden worldwide. The aim of this review is to summarize current data on the epidemiology and causes of renal stones in children and to provide a frame for the first clinical evaluation of a child with suspected nephrolithiasis. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary and environmental factors are the driving force of changing epidemiology. Diagnosis should be based on medical history, presenting signs, examination, first laboratory and radiological workup. Ultrasound should be the initial diagnostic imaging performed in pediatric patients while low-dose computed tomography is rarely necessary for management. Metabolic factors including hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, low fluid intake as well as specific genetic diseases should be explored after the resolution of initial signs and symptoms. SUMMARY Appropriate initial evaluation, imaging technique, identification of risk factors and other abnormalities are essential for early diagnosis and prevention of stone-related morbidity in children with suspected nephrolithiasis.
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9
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Urinary sulfated glycosaminoglycan insufficiency and chondroitin sulfate supplement in urolithiasis. PLoS One 2019. [PMID: 30845174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213180.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial members of urolithiasis have high risk for stone development. We observed the low sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) excretion in urolithiasis patients and their descendants. In this study, we investigated urinary excretion of sulfated GAG, chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in urolithiasis and their children, and explored the effect of CS and HA supplement in urolithic hyperoxaluric rats. The 24-hour urines were collected from urolithiasis patients (28) and their children (40), as well as healthy controls (45) and their children (33) to measure urinary sulfated GAG, CS, HS and HA excretion rate. Our result showed that urinary sulfated GAG and CS were diminished in both urolithiasis patients and their children, while decreased HS and increased HA were observed only in urolithiasis patients. Percentage of HS per sulfated GAG increased in both urolithiasis patients and their children. In hyperoxaluric rats induced by ethylene glycol and vitamin D, we found that CS supplement could prevent stone formation, while HA supplement had no effect on stone formation. Our study revealed that decreased urinary GAG and CS excretion are common in familial members of urolithiasis patients, and CS supplement might be beneficial in calcium oxalate urolithiasis prophylaxis for hyperoxaluric patients.
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Dissayabutra T, Kalpongnukul N, Chindaphan K, Srisa-art M, Ungjaroenwathana W, Kaewwongse M, Iampenkhae K, Tosukhowong P. Urinary sulfated glycosaminoglycan insufficiency and chondroitin sulfate supplement in urolithiasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213180. [PMID: 30845174 PMCID: PMC6405089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial members of urolithiasis have high risk for stone development. We observed the low sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) excretion in urolithiasis patients and their descendants. In this study, we investigated urinary excretion of sulfated GAG, chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in urolithiasis and their children, and explored the effect of CS and HA supplement in urolithic hyperoxaluric rats. The 24-hour urines were collected from urolithiasis patients (28) and their children (40), as well as healthy controls (45) and their children (33) to measure urinary sulfated GAG, CS, HS and HA excretion rate. Our result showed that urinary sulfated GAG and CS were diminished in both urolithiasis patients and their children, while decreased HS and increased HA were observed only in urolithiasis patients. Percentage of HS per sulfated GAG increased in both urolithiasis patients and their children. In hyperoxaluric rats induced by ethylene glycol and vitamin D, we found that CS supplement could prevent stone formation, while HA supplement had no effect on stone formation. Our study revealed that decreased urinary GAG and CS excretion are common in familial members of urolithiasis patients, and CS supplement might be beneficial in calcium oxalate urolithiasis prophylaxis for hyperoxaluric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasinas Dissayabutra
- STAR Unit of Renal Biochemistry and Stone Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Nuttiya Kalpongnukul
- STAR Unit of Renal Biochemistry and Stone Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokporn Chindaphan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monpicha Srisa-art
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Maroot Kaewwongse
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Kroonpong Iampenkhae
- Renal Immunology and Transplant Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyaratana Tosukhowong
- STAR Unit of Renal Biochemistry and Stone Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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ICER MA, GEZMEN-KARADAG M. The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation. REV NUTR 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865201932e190029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of nutritional habits on kidney stone formation and recurrence. Methods This study was conducted on 44 healthy individuals and 44 patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis and aging between 20 and 65 years. Participants shared their salt consumption habits, daily fluid consumption amounts and general information about themselves in a questionnaire form. In addition, food and beverage consumption frequencies of participants were recorded through a food frequency questionnaire. Results Salt consumption frequencies of patients are higher than that of healthy individuals in both genders (p<0.05). It was found out that male individuals in the patient group salt dishes without tasting more frequently (p<0.05). Daily total water consumption of both genders in patient group is lower than that of healthy individuals (p<0.05). Meat consumption of male patients (51.6±31.35g/day) was found to be higher than that of healthy group (34.1±22.58g/day) (p<0.05). Additionally, individuals in the patient group consume less stinging nettle, corn, plum, loquat, orange juice and lemonade than healthy individuals (p<0.05). Conclusion Results of the study showed that total fluid intake, salt consumption habits, and vegetable, fruit and beverage consumption may be correlated with stone formation risk and nutrition habits may affect stone recurrence.
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Shin S, Srivastava A, Alli NA, Bandyopadhyay BC. Confounding risk factors and preventative measures driving nephrolithiasis global makeup. World J Nephrol 2018; 7:129-142. [PMID: 30510912 PMCID: PMC6259033 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v7.i7.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is increasing in developed and developing countries at an alarming rate. With the global spike in kidney stone diseases, it is crucial to determine what risk factors are influencing the current global landscape for kidney stones. Our aims for this review are: to identity and analyze the four categories of risk factors in contributing to the global scale of stone formation: lifestyle, genetics, diet, and environment; and discuss preventative measures for kidney stone formation. We also performed data search through the published scientific literature, i.e., PubMed® and found that there is a significant link between lifestyle and obesity with cases of calcium stones. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization factor indicators for dietary intake and obesity, along with climate data were used to create the projected total risk world map model for nephrolithiasis risk. Complete global analyses of nephrolithiasis deplete of generalizations is nearly insurmountable due to limited sources of medical and demographic information, but we hope this review can provide further elucidation into confounding risk factors and preventative measures for global nephrolithiasis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shin
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States
| | - Aneil Srivastava
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States
- George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Nazira A Alli
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States
- George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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