Continuous quality improvement, linkage to peer supporters in prevention of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus transmission programs in Rwanda

Table 1 Individual and facility characteristics, n (%)

Characteristics	Overall (n = 1145)	Assigned to peer support
		Yes (n = 405)	No (n = 740)	P value
CQI approaches implemented
No	587 (51.3)	189 (46.7)	398 (53.8)	0.021
Yes	558 (48.7)	216 (53.3)	342 (46.2)
Age
13-24	116 (10.1)	42 (10.4)	74 (10.0)	0.944
25-34	380 (33.2)	132 (32.6)	248 (33.5)
35-50	649 (56.7)	231 (57.0)	418 (56.5)
Education level
None	165 (14.4)	84 (20.7)	81 (11.0)	< 0.001
Primary	744 (65.0)	259 (64.0)	485 (65.5)
Secondary	222 (19.4)	59 (14.6)	163 (22.0)
Tertiary	14 (1.2)	3 (0.7)	11 (1.5)
Marital status
Single	233 (20.4)	72 (17.8)	161 (22.1)	0.225
Married or living together	807 (70.5)	299 (74.0)	508 (69.8)
Divorced/widowed	92 (8.0)	33 (8.2)	59 (8.1)
Missing	13 (1.1)	1	12
HIV status disclosed
No	257 (22.5)	69 (17.0)	188 (25.4)	0.001
Yes	888 (77.5)	336 (83.0)	552 (74.6)
Pregnant at the start of ART
No	324 (28.3)	91 (23.0)	233 (33.9)	< 0.001
Yes	758 (66.2)	304 (77.0)	454 (66.1)
Missing	63 (5.5)	10	53
Healthcare workers/1000 active patients
≤ 4	608 (53.1)	188 (46.4)	420 (56.8)	0.001
> 4	537 (46.9)	217 (53.6)	320 (43.2)

CQI: Continuous quality improvement; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 2 Factors associated with linkage to peer supporters among pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Rwanda

	Bivariate		Multivariable
	OR (95%CI)	P value	aOR (95%CI)	P value
CQI approaches implemented
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.33 (1.04-1.70)	0.021	1.32 (1.02-1.71)	0.033
Age
13-24	Reference		Reference
25-34	0.94 (0.61-1.45)	0.772	1.21 (0.76-1.92)	0.422
35-50	0.97 (0.64-1.47)	0.898	1.10 (0.71-1.70)	0.676
Education level
None	Reference		Reference
Primary	0.51 (0.37-0.72)	< 0.001	0.52 (0.37-0.74)	< 0.001
Secondary	0.35 (0.23-0.53)	< 0.001	0.36 (0.23-0.56)	< 0.001
Tertiary	0.26 (0.07-0.98)	0.046	0.25 (0.06-0.97	0.044
Marital status
Single	Reference		Reference
Married or living together	1.32 (0.96-1.80)	0.085	1.21 (0.87-1.70)	0.258
Divorced/widowed	1.25 (0.75-2.08)	0.388	1.11 (0.65-1.90)	0.703
HIV status disclosed
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.66 (1.22-2.26)	0.001	1.53 (1.10-2.14)	0.011
ART initiation
Before pregnancy	Reference		Reference
During pregnancy	1.90 (1.45-2.48)	< 0.001	1.62 (1.22-2.16)	0.001
Healthcare workers/1000 active patients
≤ 4	Reference		Reference
> 4	1.52 (1.19-1.93)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.05-1.75)	0.019

CQI: Continuous quality improvement; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; CI: Confidence intervals; OR: Odds ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio.

Table 3 Factors associated with undetection of the virus among pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus in Rwanda

	Bivariate		Multivariable
	OR (95%CI)	P value	aOR (95%CI)	P value
CQI approaches implemented
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.49 (1.04-2.13)	0.028	1.51 (1.05-2.18)	0.028
Age
13-24	Reference		Reference
25-34	1.22 (0.67-2.21)	0.521	1.24 (0.67-2.31)	0.494
35-50	1.28 (0.72-2.25)	0.400	1.18 (0.66-2.11)	0.576
Education level
None	Reference		Reference
Primary	1.02 (0.60-1.74)	0.934	1.04 (0.61-1.78)	0.883
Secondary	0.63 (0.35-1.14)	0.126	0.62 (0.34-1.14)	0.123
Marital status
Single	Reference		Reference
Married or living together	1.51 (0.99-2.30)	0.053	1.48 (0.96-2.30)	0.079
Divorced/widowed	0.75 (0.40-1.40)	0.370	0.74 (0.39-1.41)	0.361
HIV status disclosed
No	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.11 (0.74-1.68)	0.612	0.88 (0.56-1.37)	0.576
ART initiation
Before pregnancy	Reference		Reference
During pregnancy	0.67 (0.47-0.97)	0.031	0.62 (0.43-0.91)	0.014
Healthcare workers/1000 active patients
≤ 4	Reference		Reference
> 4	0.91 (0.64-1.30)	0.605	0.83 (0.58-1.19)	0.312

CQI: Continuous quality improvement; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; CI: Confidence intervals; OR: Odds ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio.