COVID-19 frequency and clinical course in children with asthma

Table 1 Evaluation of clinical features in different groups of asthma patients

	Others1 (n = 169)	Vaccinated patients (n = 57)	Atopic patients (n = 64)	P value	ES
Gender (male)	128/169 (47.6)	26/57 (45.6)	38/64 (59.4)	0.199	0.091
Fever	100/163 (61.3)	27/57 (47.4)	40/63 (63.5)	0.130	0.120
Fatigue	60/163 (36.8)	27/57 (47.4)	24/63 (38.1)	0.365	0.084
Headache	51/163 (31.3)	23/57 (40.4)	22/63 (34.9)	0.453	0.075
Muscle pain	62/163 (38)	17/57 (29.8)	18/63 (28.6)	0.296	0.093
Cough	53/163 (32.5)	24/57 (42.1)	17/63 (27)	0.205	0.106
Sore throat	41/163 (25.2)	15/57 (26.3)	10/63 (15.9)	0.280	0.095
Joint pain	43/163 (26.4)	11/57 (19.3)	13/63 (20.6)	0.452	0.075
Shortness of breath	23/163 (14.1)	17/57 (29.8)	14/63 (22.2)	0.026	0.160
Runny nose	19/163 (11.7)	5/57 (8.8)	5/63 (7.9)	0.653	0.055
Nausea	15/163 (9.2)	5/57 (8.8)	6/63 (9.5)	0.990	0.008
Vomiting	10/163 (6.1)	4/57 (7)	6/63 (9.5)	0.660	0.053
Diarrhea	9/163 (5.5)	4/57 (7)	2/63 (3.2)	0.624	0.057
Loss of taste and smell	6/163 (3.7)	6/57 (10.5)	3/63 (4.8)	0.148	0.119
Intra-familial contamination	59/164 (36)	15/57 (26.3)	31/64 (48.4)	0.039	0.151

¹This column includes asthma patients who are neither atopic nor vaccinated.

Statistics were shown as n/total n (%). ES: Effect size (Cramer v coefficient).

Table 2 Evaluation of therapeutic features in different groups of asthma patients

	Others1 (n = 169)	Vaccinated patients (n = 57)	Atopic patients (n = 64)	P value	ES
Preventive/prophylactic asthma medication usage	31/164 (18.9)	9/57 (16.1)	16/62 (25.8)	0.372	0.084
Salbutamol usage	34/164 (20.7)	11/57 (19.6)	20/63 (31.7)	0.169	0.112
Prednol usage	2/164 (1.2)	1/57 (1.8)	0/64 (0)	0.619	0.059
Emergency service admission	27/164 (16.5)	8/57 (14)	14/64 (21.9)	0.485	0.071
Hospitalization	7/164 (4.3)	3/57 (5.3)	4/64 (6.3)	0.866	0.038

¹This column includes asthma patients who are neither atopic nor vaccinated.

Statistics were shown as n/total n (%). ES: Effect size (Cramer v coefficient).

Table 3 Evaluation of various laboratory parameters in different groups of asthma patients

	Others4, (n = 169)		Vaccinated patients, (n = 57)		Atopic patients, (n = 64)		P value	ES
	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD	n	mean ± SD
Age	269	16.57 ± 4.16a	57	18.86 ± 3.43b	64	15.77 ± 3.87a	< 0.0011,3	0.049
COVID-19 age	269	14.71 ± 4.09a	57	17.28 ± 3.55b	64	13.83 ± 3.75a	< 0.0011,3	0.063
Hemoglobin	68	13.13 ± 1.44	12	13.66 ± 1.57	17	12.96 ± 1.83	0.4561	0.017
Leucocyte	67	6803.79 ± 2825.88	12	6162.5 ± 2173.43	17	7068.24 ± 4155.47	0.9032	0.007
Neutrophil	67	4119.30 ± 2601.78	12	3563.33 ± 1721.86	17	3762.94 ± 2089.5	0.9202	0.008
Lymphocyte	68	1861.94 ± 939.88	12	1924.17 ± 1008.59	17	2503.53 ± 2908.44	0.9152	0.027
Eosinophil	67	141.91 ± 171.81	12	157 ± 149.52	17	146.29 ± 190.62	0.3272	0.001
Platelet	68	245864.71 ± 74049.74	12	273750 ± 77324.73	17	232352.94 ± 66343.75	0.3682	0.024
CRP	62	10.28 ± 20.13a	8	7.84 ± 5.34a	14	2.85 ± 2.41b	0.0162,3	0.025
Sedimentation	5	11 ± 7.52	2	5 ± 1.41			-	-
AST	63	25.58 ± 11.28	12	22.92 ± 5.23	16	27.06 ± 12.68	0.8292	0.011
ALT	63	19.13 ± 13.72	12	20.17 ± 14.83	16	20.06 ± 17.47	0.9082	0.001
Urea	61	21.5 ± 6.2	12	21.35 ± 7.18	16	22.45 ± 6.81	0.7272	0.004
PT	33	12.07 ± 1.24	4	11.65 ± 0.95	8	12.49 ± 1.25	0.5121	0.031
aPTT	31	28.87 ± 3.4	4	28.53 ± 1.97	7	28.96 ± 2.17	0.9741	0.001
D-Dimer	48	508.98 ± 953.33	9	334.78 ± 206.13	11	265.18 ± 128.16	0.6472	0.015
LDH	47	243.44 ± 88.75	8	202.59 ± 54.89	12	225.16 ± 87.56	0.3122	0.027
Total IgE	37	176.05 ± 252.36a	2	174.5 ± 144.96a,b	13	1127.04 ± 1325.03b	0.0092,3	0.274

¹P values for one way ANOVA.

²P values for Kruskal Wallis test.

³According to the results of the pairwise comparison test, in addition to group statistics, there is no statistically significant difference between groups with the same superscript letter (a/a or b/b), but there is a statistically significant difference between groups with different superscript letters (a/b).

⁴This column includes asthma patients who are neither atopic nor vaccinated.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.

Table 4 Evaluation of pathologic laboratory parameters in different groups of our asthma patients

	Others1, (n = 169)	Vaccinated patients (n = 57)	Atopic patients (n = 64)	P value	ES
Leukopenia (< 4000)	8/67 (11.9)	2/12 (16.7)	4/17 (23.5)	0.541	0.125
Leukocytosis (> 10000)	11/67 (16.4)	0/12 (0)	1/17 (5.9)	0.193	0.186
Neutropenia (< 1500)	6/67 (9)	1/12 (8.3)	1/17 (5.9)	1.000	0.042
Neutrophilia (> 7500)	10/67 (14.9)	0/12 (0)	2/17 (11.8)	0.447	0.147
Lymphopenia (< 1500)	29/68 (42.6)	5/12 (41.7)	10/17 (58.8)	0.470	0.125
Lymphocytosis (> 4000)	3/68 (4.4)	0/12 (0)	2/17 (11.8)	0.475	0.152
Eosinophilia (> 500)	4/67 (6)	1/12 (8.3)	1/17 (5.9)	1.000	0.033
Thrombocytopenia (< 150000)	5/68 (7.4)	0/12 (0)	1/17 (5.9)	0.832	0.099
Thrombocytosis (> 450000)	1/68 (1.5)	0/12 (0)	0/17 (0)	1.000	0.067
Elevated CRP (> 3)	42/62 (67.7)	7/8 (87.5)	6/14 (42.9)	0.090	0.245
Elevated sedimentation (> 20)	1/5 (20)	0/2 (0)	-	1.000	0.258
Elevated AST (> 50)	2/63 (3.2)	0/12 (0)	1/16 (6.3)	1.000	0.097
Elevated ALT (> 50)	3/63 (4.8)	1/12 (8.3)	1/16 (6.3)	1.000	0.054
Elevated urea (> 45)	0/61	0/12	0/16	-	-
Elevated PT (>13.2)	3/33 (9.1)	0/4 (0)	2/8 (25)	0.261	0.221
Elevated aPTT (> 33.5)	2/31 (6.5)	0/4 (0)	0/7 (0)	1.000	0.133
Elevated D-dimer (> 500)	6/48 (12.5)	1/9 (11.1)	1/11 (9.1)	1.000	0.039
Elevated LDH (> 248)	15/47 (31.9)	2/8 (25)	4/12 (33.3)	1.000	0.052
Elevated total IgE (> 150)	10/37 (27)	1/2 (50)	9/13 (69.2)	0.019	0.376

¹This column includes asthma patients who are neither atopic nor vaccinated.

Statistics were shown as n/total n (%). ES: Effect size (Cramer v coefficient).