Roles of the two distinct proteasome pathways in hepatitis C virus infection

Table 1 The ubiquitin-dependent and -independent pathways that target hepatitis C virus proteins for degradation

HCV protein	E3 ligase	Function	Ref.
Ubiquitin-dependent, ATP-dependent, 26S proteasome pathway
Core	E6AP1	Inhibit virus production	[14-17]
E2-p38	Unknown1	Immune avoidance	[47]
NS5A	Unknown1	Inhibit replication	[49]
NS5B	Unknown1	Inhibit replication	[50]
Ubiquitin-independent, ATP-independent, 20S proteasome pathway
Core	PA28γ2	Enhance virus production, steatosis	[15,18,52,53]
F	-2	Unknown	[56]
NS2	CK22	Unknown	[57,60]

¹E3 ligase;

²Host factor. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; CK2: Casein kinase 2.