Innate host responses to West Nile virus: Implications for central nervous system immunopathology

Figure 1 West Nile virus stimulates the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human antigen presenting cells. TLR: Toll-like receptors; WNV: West Nile virus; mDC: Myeloid dendritic cells; pDC: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells; Mφ: Macrophages; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin.

Figure 2 Receptors of innate immunity, adaptors and transcription factors involved in recognition of West Nile virus. WNV: West Nile virus; IFN: Interferon; IPS-1: IFN-β promoter stimulation-1; IRF: IFN regulatory factor; MDA5: Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; RIG; Retinoic acid-inducible gene; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRIF: TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β.