This study is among the first to investigate how national origin cues influence visual attention and perception in HPV vaccine advertisements, using eye-tracking technology to provide objective insights into consumer responses. By integrating methods from public health, psychology, and advertising research, this study explores how visual attention is shaped by national affiliation cues. In a controlled experimental setting with a sample of 40 UK university students, we investigated visual attention and effectiveness of HPV vaccination advertisements by comparing ads disclosing the national origin of the vaccine and without any origin information. We assessed total fixation duration and time to first fixation to various elements of the ad, along with intention and attitude measures. Contrary to one of our hypotheses, we did not find significant differences in intention (p = .758) and attitude (p = .620) measures. However, there was significant difference in total fixation duration toward one of the ad images between conditions (p = .043). The qualitative analysis reveals the role of country-of-origin (COO) in HPV vaccination advertising, suggesting a shift in attention from that image to the COO cue. Furthermore, eight out of the 20 participants in the treatment condition did not fixate at the COO cue. Findings provide critical insights for public health communication strategies, suggesting that the use (or omission) of national origin cues in vaccine advertisements could influence vaccine perception and hesitancy. These results highlight the need for strategic messaging approaches to enhance HPV vaccine acceptance and improve public trust in domestic and international vaccines.

To address the cervical cancer burden globally, the World Health Organization and European Union released strategies to facilitate HPV-related cancers prevention, including cervical cancer elimination. This research assessed European country level readiness to achieve cervical cancer elimination by adhering to such strategies.

Readiness for cervical cancer elimination was assessed across a range of guiding questions relevant to three defined key domains: vaccination, screening, and treatment, each with two sub-domains focusing on decision making and implementation efforts. Publicly available data sources were used to inform the scoring across domains, to tier countries into either high, moderate-high, moderate-low, and low readiness archetypes.Key parameters identified associated with the high readiness archetype were high vaccination coverage rates (>70%), availability of gender neutral and catch-up vaccination, school-based vaccination availability, organized screening programs, use of HPV DNA primary screening tests, and data surveillance.

Our analysis highlights significant variability in decision making and implementation of vaccination, screening, and treatment programmes across Europe. Country scores expose the need for a multifaceted approach to achieve cervical cancer elimination in Europe, encompassing solid decision making commitments, implementation of these commitments, and the ability to collect, surveil, and apply the data use accurately.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, with high-risk types such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 linked to anogenital and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). HNSCC includes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and related regions, caused by carcinogens or persistent viral infections. HPV-positive (HPV+) HNSCC cases are more prevalent in Western countries and exhibit better prognosis and treatment response compared to HPV-negative (HPV-) cases. These differences suggest distinct fundamental differences between each subtype. This study analyzed RNA-seq data from the PanCancer Atlas 2018 dataset to investigate molecular distinctions between HPV + and HPV- HNSCC. Using dimensionality reduction techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), a clear clustering of HPV + cases was observed, suggesting a unique gene expression profile. HPV + tumors exhibited upregulation of genes involved in nucleic acid processing and downregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and epidermis development. These findings underscore the biological differences between HPV + and HPV- HNSCC, offering insights into HPV-driven oncogenesis. Understanding these distinctions may improve patient stratification and inform targeted therapeutic strategies for HNSCC.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases pose public health concerns for both genders, yet their understanding remains limited in India. This review outlines HPV incidence and prevalence, genotype distribution, and attribution rates across different HPV-related disease types. A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify observational studies on individuals aged 15 years and older, and a total of 3702 publications were identified. A total of 139 studies were included in this review, involving 607,425 subjects aged 15.8-82.2 years, with a gender distribution of 38.13% males and 61.86% females. The prevalence of HPV infection in the anogenital area among healthy males and females was 41.07% and between 0.4% and 41.8%, respectively. Among individuals with HPV-related diseases, HPV infection prevalence was 26.1%-100% in unhealthy cervixes and cervical lesions, 3.1%-41% in anal lesions, 71.4% in vulva and vaginal lesions, and 0%-92.3% in head and neck cancer. The review highlights the variability in HPV prevalence across genders and age groups in India, likely due to population heterogeneity and testing differences. This study highlights the need for rigorous and uniform studies in India on the HPV disease burden and the importance of gathering evidence with a special focus on males.

Cervical cancer burden due to recurrent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections necessitates the urgent need to impede viral proliferation targeting the oncogene E6 of the high-risk serotype HPV16. This study aims to identify a small molecule from a natural product library that could prevent a tumorigenic complex of E6 with p53 in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells. In silico methods such as high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of natural product like library ZINC database followed by atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to identify lead natural compound. This was validated with in vitro analysis using HPV16 positive SiHa cells and CaSki cells by MTT and flow cytometry assays. Virtual screening identified top 10 compounds with high affinity for HPV16 E6. The docking scores, Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler analysis, MD simulation and molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area-based binding energy estimation narrowed down the search to ZINC1797251, a molecule with stable binding, low energy scores and consistent H-bonds, establishing that it could prevent interaction of p53 and E6. ZINC1797251 inhibited the proliferation of SiHa and CaSki cells with a GI50 values of 615.40 and 417.30 nM, respectively. The compound reduced HPV16 E6, while increased p53 positive populations in SiHa and CaSki cells. Treatment with ZINC1797251 induced the G1 cell phase arrest and promoted early and late phase apoptosis in these cells. The restoration of tumor inhibitory activity of p53 in HPV-infected cervical cancer cells to promote apoptosis could be achieved using the ZINC molecule-ZINC1797251. However, further studies are deemed essential for further developments.

Azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in two or more semen analyses after centrifugation. Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the most severe form of male factor infertility accounting for 10%-15% of cases and stems from an impairment to spermatogenesis. Understanding of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis has allowed NOA to be subcategorized by anatomic and/or pathophysiologic level. The etiologies of NOA, and therefore, the differential diagnoses when considering NOA as a cause of male factor infertility, can be subcategorized and condensed into several distinct classifications. Etiologies of NOA include primary hypogonadism, secondary hypogonadism, defects in androgen synthesis and/or response, defective spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, or a mixed picture thereof. This review includes up-to-date clinical, diagnostic, cellular, and histologic features pertaining to the multitude of NOA etiologies. This in turn will provide a framework by which physicians practicing infertility can augment their clinical decision-making, patient counseling, thereby improving upon the management of men with NOA.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), a DNA virus, is a well-documented causative agent of several cancers, including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and head & neck cancers. Major factors contributing to HPV-related cancers include persistent infection and the oncogenic potential of particular HPV genotypes. High-risk HPV strains, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, are responsible for over 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide, as well as a significant proportion of other genital and head and neck cancers. At the molecular level, the oncogenic activity of these viruses is driven by the overexpression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins. These oncoproteins dysregulate the cell cycle, inhibit apoptosis, and promote the accumulation of DNA damage, ultimately transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in HPV-related cancer biology and epidemiology. The review highlights the molecular pathways of HPV-driven carcinogenesis, focusing on the role of viral oncoproteins in altering host cell targets and disrupting cellular signalling pathways. The review explores the therapeutic potential of these viral proteins, and discusses current diagnostic and treatment strategies for HPV-associated cancers. Furthermore, the review highlights the critical role of HPV in the development of various malignancies, emphasizing the persistent challenges in combating these cancers despite advancements in vaccination and therapeutic strategies. We also emphasize recent breakthroughs in utilizing biomarkers to monitor cancer therapy responses, such as mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, proteins, and genetic markers. We hope this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers working on HPV, providing insights that can guide future investigations into this complex virus, which continues to be a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality.

Infertility has emerged as a significant global health concern, affecting nearby 8-12% of couples in reproductive age worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests a potential link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and infertility in both men and women. Some research indicate that HPV can infect various components of semen, potentially affecting sperm quality by decreasing motility, viability, and increasing DNA fragmentation, all of which may contribute to male infertility. The virus can attach to the equatorial region of the sperm head, enabling infected sperm to transmit the virus to the oocyte or placenta. Consequently, HPV potentially induces apoptosis in trophoblastic cells and disrupts their adhesion to endometrial cells, which raises the risk of miscarriage. HPV may also affect ovarian reserve by causing chronic inflammation, which can impair granulosa cell function and lower serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Besides, HPV-related immune responses also contribute to infertility by producing anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs), which cause sperm clumping, reduce motility through cervical mucus, activate the complement system that damages sperm in the female reproductive tract and interfere with sperm-egg interactions. Moreover, HPV infection has been linked to reduced success rates in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), potentially disrupting critical processes such as the acrosome reaction, sperm-oocyte interaction, and fusion. One potential mechanism through which HPV contributes to infertility is oxidative stress (OS). Triggered OS can negatively impact sperm quality and cause damage to the female reproductive system, ultimately contributing to infertility. Despite these associations, the precise mechanisms and the strength of the relationship remain uncertain. Thus, this review seeks to investigate the potential impact of HPV on infertility, particularly its effects on the reproductive system through OS. A clearer understanding of these processes could inform future health strategies for addressing HPV-related infertility.

Condyloma acuminata (CA) are dysplastic lesions caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Condylomata acuminata are common in Human Immunodeficiency Virus- (HIV) infected individuals and have been linked to HIV transmission. Current therapeutic options for CA encompass laser, cryotherapy, imiquimod, sinecatechins, podophyllotoxin, and trichloroacetate. These topical therapies have limitations caused by significant local skin reactions, high recurrence rates, prolonged application times, and, in some cases, a supposed lower efficacy in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH). Previous studies evaluated the effect in the CA treatment of tirbanibulin 1% ointment since it is a synthetic antiproliferative drug approved for the topical treatment of actinic keratoses, acting in two distinct ways: it inhibits microtubule polymerization and Src kinase signaling. Human papilloma virus can up-regulate the kinases Src and Yes, so the tirbanibulin efficient treatment of CA may be due to the suppression of Src kinase signaling.

Here, we present for the first time a retrospective case series of three PLWHIV affected by CA.

The patients experienced variable outcomes, with complete resolution of smaller condylomas for 2 out of 3 patients. Adverse events were local and of mild to moderate severity, lasting one week or less.

While in need of larger studies, it is possible to hypothesize tirbanibulin 1% ointment as a therapeutic alternative for people living with HIV, especially for condylomas smaller than 1 cm in size.

While human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent HPV-related cancers, many children and adolescents remain unvaccinated. Resistance often stems from parental vaccine hesitancy and mistrust of the health care system, both of which may be higher in communities of color. Partnering with social media influencers may be an effective method for disseminating health messages. We tested the impact of HPV social media posts developed by influencers on outcomes of knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to vaccinate.

Ten social media influencers who identified as African American or Hispanic created posts about the HPV vaccine. Next, influencers recruited followers to complete a baseline survey, view the post, and complete an endpoint survey. We measured changes in knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to vaccinate their children against HPV. We also captured trust in the influencer and perceptions of the post. Mean scores or frequencies were calculated; changes from baseline to endpoint were assessed with repeated measures t-tests.

Of ten social media influencers, four were African American and six were Hispanic; all were female and eight were married. Seven influencers indicated Instagram as their preferred platform; seven posted daily. The influencers recruited 134 followers (86 % female, 56 % non-Hispanic Black, 24 % Hispanic) who, on average, had been following their influencer for 1 to 3 years. We observed significant increases in knowledge of HPV and the vaccine (p < 0.001), attitudes towards vaccinating against HPV (p < 0.001), and intentions to vaccinate (p < 0.001) after viewing a post created by an influencer.

As public health professionals struggle to reach key audiences, social media influencers may be powerful opinion leaders, especially where mistrust of traditional institutions is high.

Internet is women's primary source of information about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus. The aim of this study was to determine the associations of electronic health literacy with cervical cancer and human papillomavirus awareness among women of reproductive age. This is a cross-sectional study. The research sample consisted of 330 women of reproductive age (15-49 years), who were admitted to family health centers. The data were collected between July and August 2023 using eHealth Literacy Scale and the Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Awareness Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the predictors of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus awareness. In this study, the mean score of women's knowledge about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus was found to be low (4.54 ± 3.94), and the mean score of threat perception was found to be moderate (45.60 ± 6.54). eHealth literacy was found to be a predictor of women's knowledge about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus and threat perception. This result suggests that eHealth literacy should be considered for interventions to increase knowledge and awareness of women about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of cervical cancer, with 14 subtypes classified as high-risk HPV (HR-HPV). Despite the availability of vaccines, certain regions still experience limited access. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a common sexually transmitted infection, is hypothesized to increase the risk of HR-HPV infections. This study aims to individually analyze whether HSV-2 infection increases the risk of each HR-HPV infection in a representative sample of American adults.

Data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2016, involving 4076 female participants. The study utilized logistic regression to estimate the link between HSV-2 infection and HR-HPV infection. We also conducted a stratified analysis to evaluate the impact of HSV-2 on HR-HPV infection in different subgroups.

After adjustment, the odds of having HR-HPV infection were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.24-1.71) for those with HSV-2 infection. Moreover, women with HSV-2 infection had higher odds of HPV-18 (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.05-4.41) and HPV-58 (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.52-3.32) infection even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The results remain significant in subgroup analysis and in the interaction test.

The study found a significant association between HSV-2 infection and HR-HPV infection, particularly with HPV-18 and HPV-58, highlighting the importance of preventing HSV infection and advocating for early vaccination with an HPV vaccine for those vulnerable to HSV infection. Further prospective studies are needed to validate causal associations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

The distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes shows inconsistencies across countries, ethnicities, and socioeconomic levels. An in-depth identification of HPV infection rates and genotypes across regions, ethnicities, and age groups in large populations is crucial. We aimed to assess the prevalence of HPV infections among Korean women and investigate the prevalence of multi-type infections among HPV types. To identify HPV types, 16,669 specimens were subjected to DNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reactions. The HPV infection rate was 36.7%, with single- and multi-type HPV infection rates of 21.4% and 15.3%, respectively. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher among women in their 20s and 60s. HPV types 16 and 18 were most commonly multi-type infected with HPV type 52. In conclusion, promoting HPV awareness and prevention strategies and incentivizing vaccination can boost vaccination rates among eligible individuals.

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is an etiological agent of human cancers that requires endocytosis to initiate infection. HPV16 entry into epithelial cells occurs through a non-canonical endocytic pathway that is actin-driven, but it is not well understood how HPV16-cell surface interactions trigger actin reorganization in a way that facilitates entry. This study provides evidence that Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous proteins 1 and 2 (WAVE1 and WAVE2) are molecular mediators of actin protrusions that occur at the cellular surface upon HPV addition to cells, and that this stimulation is a key step prior to endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate through post-transcriptional gene silencing and genome editing that WAVE1 and WAVE2 are critical for efficient HPV16 infection, and that restoration of each in knockout cells rescues HPV16 infection. Cells lacking WAVE1, WAVE2, or both internalize HPV16 at a significantly reduced rate. Microscopic analysis of fluorescently labeled cells revealed that HPV16, WAVE1, WAVE2, and actin are all colocalized at the cellular dorsal surface within a timeframe that precedes endocytosis. Within that same timeframe, we also found that HPV16-treated cells express cellular dorsal surface filopodia, which does not occur in cells lacking WAVE1 and WAVE2. Taken together, this study provides evidence that WAVE1 and WAVE2 mediate a key step prior to HPV entry into cells that involves actin reorganization in the form of cellular dorsal surface protrusions.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide and is associated with various cancers, including cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, significant disparities in HPV vaccination rates persist, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities, such as Korean Americans. Cultural stigma, language barriers, and limited access to tailored health information contribute to these disparities.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the usability of K-Bot, an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered, culturally tailored, bilingual (Korean and English) chatbot designed to provide culturally sensitive health information about HPV vaccination to Korean immigrants and Korean Americans.

K-Bot was developed using CloudTuring and Google Dialogflow. Its dialogues were created using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) evidence-based HPV information and tailored to the Korean American population based on findings from previous studies. The evaluation and refinement process for K-Bot was organized into 3 phases: (1) expert evaluation by a multidisciplinary panel, (2) usability testing, and (3) iterative refinement based on feedback. An online survey collected demographics, HPV awareness, and vaccination status before 6 focus groups (N=21) sessions using semistructured questions guided by Peter Morville's usability framework. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and thematic analysis assessed usability, cultural relevance, and content clarity across 6 dimensions: desirability, accessibility, findability, credibility, usability, and usefulness.

Participants had a mean age of 23.7 (SD 4.7) years, with most being female (n=12, 57.1%), second-generation individuals (n=13, 61.9%), and single (n=20, 95.2%). HPV awareness was high (n=19, 90.5%), vaccine knowledge was also high (n=18, 81.8%), but only 11 (52.4%) participants were vaccinated. Feedback-driven refinements addressed usability challenges, including simplifying navigation and adding visual elements. Participants described K-Bot as a promising tool for promoting HPV vaccination among Korean and Korean American users, citing its bilingual functionality and culturally tailored content as key strengths. Evidence-based information was valued, but participants recommended visuals to improve engagement and reduce cognitive load. Accessibility concerns included broken links, and participants proposed enhancements, such as animations, demographic-specific resources, and interactive features, to improve usability and engagement further.

Usability testing of K-Bot revealed its potential as a culturally tailored, bilingual tool for promoting HPV vaccination among Korean immigrants and Korean Americans. Participants valued its evidence-based information, cultural relevance, and bilingual functionality but recommended improvements, such as enhanced navigation, visual elements, and interactive features, to boost engagement and usability. These findings support the potential of AI-driven tools to improve health care access by addressing key barriers to care. Further research is needed to evaluate their broader impact and optimize their design and implementation for individuals with diverse health care needs.

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a predominant and clinically significant virus affecting individuals of all ages, including children and adolescents. Despite its well-documented role in adult health, particularly in cervical cancer, HPV's impact on younger populations still remains underexplored. Methods: This review investigates the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, transmission pathways, and historical context of HPV in children and adolescents. Results: The study demonstrates a significant prevalence of HPV DNA within paediatric populations, with diverse clinical manifestations such as verruca vulgaris, anogenital warts, and Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis, alongside substantiating vertical transmission from mother to infant. We also highlight ground-breaking research milestones, including improvements in genetic studies, the development of HPV vaccines, and ongoing investigations into infection dynamics, and long-term health outcomes. Conclusions: By synthesising existing knowledge, this review aims to enhance clinical decision-making, improve management strategies, and pave the way for future research in HPV-related paediatric diseases.

Cervical cancer is almost entirely preventable by vaccination and screening. Population-based vaccination and screening programs are effective and cost effective, but millions of people do not have access to these programs, causing immense suffering. The WHO Global Strategy for the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem calls for countries to meet ambitious vaccination, screening, and treatment targets.

Epidemiological evidence indicates marked socioeconomic gradients in the burden of cervical cancer and vaccination, screening, and treatment coverage. The unacceptable socioeconomic burden of cervical cancer is largely a function of inequitable access to these programs. We discuss these inequities, and highlight strategies enabled by new evidence and technology. Single dose HPV vaccination, HPV-based screening, and the rapidly moving technology landscape have enabled task-shifting, innovation in service delivery and the possibility of scale. Equitable access to optimal care for the treatment of invasive cancers remains a challenge.

Cervical cancer can be eliminated equitably. It will require global political will, sustained public and private investment, and community leadership to safely and sustainably embed proven tools, technology and infrastructure in local health and knowledge systems.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a significant global burden of precancerous lesions and cancer. People with HIV (PWH) are at higher risk of HPV infection and HPV-related diseases. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize data on the burden of HPV infection and HPV-related diseases among PWH. Studies published between January 2018-June 2023 were sourced from databases and conferences. Included were 221 publications containing epidemiological data on HPV infections and the clinical burden of HPV-related diseases among PWH. The burden varied by geographical region, age, sex, and sexual orientation. Compared to people without HIV (PWoH), PWH had higher prevalence and incidence of HPV infection and HPV-related diseases. Among PWH, the prevalence of anal HPV infection ranged between 44% and 83%; men had a higher prevalence and incidence of anogenital warts than women. The incidence of anal HPV infection was over two-fold greater among transgender women with HIV and men who have sex with men with HIV than among their respective counterparts without HIV. Incident HPV-related anal cancer was up to two-fold higher among PWH than PWoH, and incident cervical cancer was up to six times higher among women with HIV than those without. The most prevalent high-risk (hr) HPV genotypes with HPV-related disease were vaccine genotype HPV16/18/52/58. HPV35 was one of the most prevalent genotypes with anal or cervical HPV infection among PWH of African descent. PWH also have a higher burden of concurrent HPV infections and HPV-related diseases. This study calls for strengthening appropriate HPV vaccine delivery and increasing vaccine uptake among this high-risk group, potentially by integrating HPV vaccination with routine HIV care.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of genital disease. More information on the prevalence and distribution of genital HPV subtypes in the female population is needed to inform preventive strategies. Geographical, social, economic, and ethnic barriers in developing countries challenge the development of preventive measures for cervical cancer. For the first time, we sought to determine the prevalence of HPV infection among women referred to gynecologists in southern Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Hormozgan, Iran from July 2021 to July 2023 on various cervical specimens from all outpatients referred to the Virology Laboratory of the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center. HPV DNA was extracted from genital swabs of the study participants using the QIAamp DNA Extraction Kit. Genotyping was performed on 3960 cases using multiplex PCR and a microarray chip (Master Diagnóstica, Granada, Spain) to identify 18 high-risk (HR) and 18 low-risk (LR) HPV genotypes. Demographic data were statistically analyzed in relation to viral data.

Of 3960 cases, 1303 (32.90%) were HPV positive. HPV positive patients were younger than negative patients. The positive rate was higher in the age group 20 to 40 years (72%). Single HPV infection was the most common pattern, accounting for 52.57% of cases while double infection accounted for 21.18% of the positive cases. The most common HR-HPV subtypes in southern Iran were HPV 16, 52, 31, and 53 (12.58, 8.36, 6.60, and 6.44%, respectively). Also, the most common LR-HPV subtypes were HPV6, 42, 62.81, and 44.55 (14.58, 12.58, 8.36, and 8.05, respectively). A comparison of the prevalence of HPV infection showed an increase in cases (in 2022-2023 (36.05%) compared with that in 2021-2022 (29.92%)), a decrease in the age of infected women (41.50% for 2022-2023 and 42.05% for 2021-2022) and an increase in multi-genotypic cases (42.44% for 2022-2023 and 31.24% for 2021-2022).

These observations highlight the need for a program to educate the young population of the community as well as the implementation of infection control measures against HPV infection, especially in the case of mass HPV vaccination of the general population.

Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of anogenital cancers in both females and males. Nevertheless, only a limited number of studies have explored the epidemiology of HPV infection across genders within the same population. This retrospective study analyzed 299,089 samples from Hangzhou, China, collected between 2017 and 2023, including 283,556 females and 15,533 males. The overall HPV infection rate was 23.8%, with a prevalence of 22.85% in females and 41.13% in males. Gender differences were observed in the prevalence of high-risk HPV. In females, the most common high-risk HPV type was HPV52 (5.58%), followed by HPV58 (2.84%) and HPV16 (2.64%). In males, HPV52 (5.28%) was also the most prevalent, followed by HPV16 (5.08%) and HPV51 (3.57%). The age-related HPV infection rate shows a bimodal pattern, peaking in individuals under 20 years old and those aged 61-65. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall HPV infection rate declined by approximately 3% across all age groups. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of HPV infection in the context of the pandemic and emphasizes the need for HPV vaccination for adolescent males.

(1) Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant public health concern associated with various cancers, including a rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Despite the availability of effective vaccines targeting high-risk HPV types, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Dental professionals are uniquely positioned to contribute to HPV prevention through education, vaccination advocacy, and early detection. (2) Methods: This narrative review synthesized the literature from 2006 to 2024 on HPV epidemiology, pathophysiology, vaccine efficacy, and the role of dental providers in HPV prevention. Sources included peer-reviewed articles listed in Pubmed and Google Scholar, including observational studies and review articles, guidelines, clinical trials, and governmental data. Key barriers to HPV-related care in dental practice and strategies for overcoming them were analyzed. (3) Results: The review underscores the critical role of dentists in HPV-related disease prevention, highlighting their ability to detect HPV-related lesions, promote vaccine uptake, and address patient concerns. Barriers such as limited knowledge, discomfort discussing HPV, and misinformation were identified. Strategies like incorporating HPV education into dental training, utilizing emerging diagnostic tools, and adopting effective communication approaches can enhance the role of dental professionals in reducing HPV-associated cancer risks. (4) Conclusion: By integrating HPV education, vaccination advocacy, and early detection into routine dental care, dental professionals can play a transformative role in public health. A dental provider's endorsement can increase HPV vaccine uptake and help prevent oral cancer. These efforts align with broader health promotion goals, offering a significant opportunity to reduce the burden of HPV-associated cancers and improve long-term patient outcomes.

This study aimed to verify the relation between gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical lesions severity.

GRPR mRNA levels were evaluated in cervical cancer-derived cell lines and in primary keratinocytes expressing HPV16 oncogenes by RT-PCR. GRPR protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in organotypic cell cultures derived from keratinocytes transduced with HPV16 oncogenes and in 208 cervical samples, including 59 non-neoplastic tissue, 28 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), 44 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 77 adenocarcinomas (ADC). Generic primers (GP5+/GP6+) were used to identify HPV infection in tissue samples. Experiments involving cell lines were analyzed through non-parametric tests (Kruskal Wallis), and Fisher's Exact Test for human tissues samples. All statistical tests were considered significant at p <0.05. Immunohistochemical evaluation was conducted independently and blindly by two observers (AD- LO). Any discordant findings were resolved through discussion to reach a consensus score.

GRPR mRNA levels were not increased in cells expressing HPV16 or HPV18 oncogenes. However, at the protein level, GRPR was upregulated in organotypic cell cultures containing HPV oncogenes. Besides, it was identified an association between GRPR expression and cervical lesion severity (p < 0.0001). The detection rate of high-risk HPV DNA was directly correlated with cervical disease. Nonetheless, HPV infection was not directly associated with GRPR in cervical samples.

GRPR expression is highly predictive of cervical lesion severity, irrespective of HPV infection and might contribute to improving patient's therapeutic management as well as being used a marker of disease progression.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) and to assess co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers (OC and OPC) specimens from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Northeastern Mexico.

Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 41 patients with OC and OPC were evaluated. HPV detection and genotyping were performed using the Ampliquality HPV-Type Express kit. EBV DNA detection was carried out by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

HPV DNA was detected in 14 (34.1%) specimens, with a higher prevalence in OC (78.6%) compared with OPC (21.4%). HPV-16 was the most frequently identified genotype (92.9%), found as a single infection in 53.8% of cases and co-infection with other genotypes in 46.2%. EBV DNA was detected in six (14.6%) specimens, with OC being the most common site. Co-infection with HPV and EBV was observed in only one case. Statistical significance was found between HPV infection and smoking history (p = 0.020) and between EBV infection and patient age (p = 0.026).

Our results reveal a higher prevalence of HPV infection in OC compared with OPC, with HPV-16 being the predominant genotype. HPV-positive cases were predominantly found in older male patients. Thus, expanding HPV vaccination to broader populations could potentially impact cancer incidence. EBV co-infection with HPV was infrequent, and further research is needed to fully understand the role of these viruses in OC and OPC development.

Oropharyngeal carcinoma, a type of head and neck cancer (HNC), is an emerging malignancy associated with low survival rates. It typically affects older males and correlates with smoking, drinking, and lower socioeconomic conditions. Traditional treatments such as surgery have often yielded limited outcomes. However, recent insights, particularly those emphasized by Dr Teknos in his Keynote Conference at MedNews Week, have sparked a deeper exploration into alternative and more promising treatment methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore this subject further. One such approach, demonstrated by the UMCC 9921 trial, involves a comprehensive protocol starting with induction chemotherapy. This initial phase aims to reduce tumor burden and assess response to treatment. Based on the individual outcomes, patients then undergo concurrent chemoradiation or salvage surgery. This strategy has significantly improved survival rates, especially in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive patients, showcasing the potential of tailored treatments. While these advancements are promising, long-term complications such as dysphagia and osteoradionecrosis remain a cause of concern. The rise of HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has further changed how risk factors and treatment outcomes are viewed. HPV-positive cancers have unique characteristics and respond well to modern therapies. Researchers are investigating biomarkers such as circulating HPV DNA and immunoglobulin J polypeptide expression, which could provide valuable insights into disease progression and pave the way for more targeted and effective treatment strategies. In addition, the use of existing medications, such as fenofibrate, to combat HPV infections illustrates the resourcefulness in repurposing specific treatments. Challenges persist, especially in the need for reliable biomarkers for early disease progression detection and monitoring. Deeper insights into viral-host interactions shape promising immunotherapy strategies that could revolutionize treatment approaches. Collaborative efforts between researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers play a vital role in translating these advancements into substantial clinical benefits, improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by HPV-related diseases. While HPV-associated HNCs present significant challenges, continuous research and innovative treatments offer hope for a brighter future in combating this growing epidemic and improving patient care.

One of the most significant breakthroughs in cancer research has been the identification of persistent infection with certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) genotypes as the cause of cervical cancer. Since then, a range of diagnostic and therapeutic methods has been developed based on this discovery. This article aims to describe the latest updates in the biology, prevention, and treatment of HPV-related cervical cancer. The current state of knowledge regarding vaccinations, diagnostic tests, and cervical cancer therapies is presented. The latest WHO guidelines on vaccinations are presented, as well as announcements of upcoming changes. The final part of the article summarizes promising new diagnostic and treatment methods, as well as perspectives and the latest research findings on self-administered diagnostic tests, the use of therapeutic vaccines, and circulating cell-free DNA in diagnosis. Despite the significant progress made in recent years, the strategy based on vaccination and testing remains the cornerstone in the fight against HPV-related cervical cancer.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PITNETs) often show a tendency towards invasive behavior, i.e., an invasion towards the cavernous sinuses or destruction of the sella turcica. In the present study, we analyzed whether a transcriptionally active HPV infection affects the invasiveness of pituitary tumors.

Sixty patients with different phenotypes of PITNETs who underwent neurosurgery were studied. The obtained postoperative material was analyzed histopathologically. For each patient, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into ultra-thin slices and two to three of them were designated for DNA extraction, while one was used for histological slides. Based on the isolated DNA, the presence of DNA from individual HPV types was determined by the real-time detection polymerase chain reaction using the REALQUALITY RQ-Multi HPV Detection reagent kit (AB ANALITICA, Italy). P16 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining on the histological slides. A transcriptionally active infection with individual HPV types was distinguished when HPV DNA and P16 protein overexpression were detected simultaneously for a given tumor.

In the group of the 60 analyzed PITNETs, a transcriptionally active high-risk HPV infection was detected in a subset of 11 tumors (18.3%). This infection was associated with a significantly lower probability of tumor invasiveness, measured on both the Knosp (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.58) and Hardy scales (OR = 0.12 95% CI: 0.024-0.56).

Further studies are needed to confirm the prevalence of transcriptionally active HPV infections in pituitary adenomas and the role of these infections in the invasiveness of pituitary tumors.

Carica papaya, a tropical fruit-bearing plant, has attracted significant attention for its diverse phytomedical properties and its ability to regulate both innate and adaptive immunity, making it a promising natural therapeutic agent. C. papaya is rich in bioactive compounds that play a multifaceted role in immunomodulation. These bioactive constituents have demonstrated efficacy not only against the dengue virus but also against other viral infections, including COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Zika virus, and others. The antiviral effects of C. papaya are achieved through its ability to enhance host immunity, mitigate inflammation, reduce oxidative stress, inhibit viral replication, and modulate immune responses. These mechanisms highlight its potential as a candidate for antiviral therapies, paving the way for further exploration of its pharmacological applications and promoting eco-friendly, accessible healthcare solutions for combating viral diseases. This review highlights the antiviral potential of C. papaya extracts in inhibiting viral replication and modulating immune responses, emphasizing the need for further studies and clinical trials to validate their efficacy against other medically significant viruses causing human diseases.

This study aimed to evaluate the burden of HPV-related hospitalization and mortality in Greece, with a focus on invasive cervical cancer and lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal (LOCP) cancers. A retrospective query using data from the Greek Statistical Office and Eurostat was executed. The query included hospital admission and standardized mortality rates (SDRs) on cervical dysplasia and cervical, vulvar, and vaginal; anal; penile; and LOCP cancers. The hospitalization rate for invasive cervical cancer decreased over time, exhibiting a sharp decrease after 2010, while the hospitalization rate for LOCP cancer decreased after 2011, preceded by a sustained increase from 1996. The hospitalization rate of HPV-attributable diseases in total showed a declining tendency between 2013 and 2017. SDR due to cervical cancer showed a slightly decreasing trend in Greece and the European Union, while SDR due to LOCP cancer showed a slightly increasing trend in Greece, but a decrease in the European Union. The decline in hospitalization rates for HPV-related disease in Greece, especially for cervical cancer and dysplasia, and also the declining SDR for invasive cervical cancer in Greece and the EU, are indications of the positive public health impact of screening programs and the implementation of HPV vaccination.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer worldwide. The pathogenesis of HPV is mainly dependent on its E7 and E6 proteins. Up to now, different adjuvants have been used to enhance the efficacy of the immune response against these two proteins. In this study, Flagellin (FLA) was used as adjuvant to test adjuvant activity and also see whether its orientation of attachment can affect the immune response pattern. The E7d-FLA and FLA-E7d in pET28a vector were constructed and then the recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) bacteria under IPTG induction. The expression of recombinant E7d-FLA and FLA-E7d proteins is confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. Then, recombinant fusion proteins were purified using a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column. The recombinant proteins were checked for endotoxin contamination and then quantified by Bradford. Eight-to-ten-week-old male Balb/C mice were immunized subcutaneously with 10 µg recombinant E7d-FLA, FLA-E7d and HPV16E7d vaccine on days 0, 14 and 28. In addition, PBS and FLA groups were considered as control group. Then, spleen cells were harvested to assess lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 cytokines. In addition, mice sera were used for specific total IgG and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgM antibodies assessment by ELISA. The results show that E7d-FLA is more potent in the induction of lymphocyte proliferation, CTL response and specific total IgG, IgG2a and IgG2b response, while the FLA-E7d vaccine was associated with more IFN-γ, and IL-17 cytokine response. The results of this study proved the ability of FLA as an adjuvant in fusion with E7d in the induction of cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, it also emphasizes that antigen-adjuvant orientation can affect the immune response strength and polarization against HPV E7d vaccine candidate. HIGHLIGHTS: Flagellin is attached to HPV-16 E7d at the C- or N-terminus to create E7d-FLA and FLA-E7d candidate vaccines. The E7d-FLA vaccine showed a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation, CTL response and IgG response versus FLA-E7d vaccine. The FLA-E7d vaccine is associated with a significant increase in IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokines response versus E7d-FLA vaccine. It seems that that antigen-adjuvant orientation is an important parameter in the strength and polarization of immune response in HPV E7d vaccine candidate.

Background/Objectives: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) cross-infection among couple's partners is a widespread event and could lead to persistent infections. Unfortunately, the influence of male sexual partners of HPV-positive women on their cervical lesions and the potential role of HPV vaccines have been under-investigated. We evaluated the HPV prevalence in male partners of HPV-infected women, focusing on the possible correlation between partners' cervical lesions and the role of HPV vaccination. Methods: Two samples, genital and urethral swabs, were collected for each of the 90 patients recruited. HPV-DNA detection was carried out by the Allplex HPV28 detection assay. Results: HPV prevalence was 66.7% (60/90); high-risk HPV (hrHPV) genotypes were detected in 90% (54/60) cases and multiple infections in 55% (33/60). The most frequent hrHPVs were HPV31 (p = 0.0265) and HPV52 (p = 0.002), found in 18.3% (11/60) of cases, and HPV53 (p = 0.0116) in 16.7% (10/60). Statistical analysis showed a higher probability of a less severe cytological diagnosis with the increase in the number of genotypes detected (p = 0.0146). Among the HPV-positive partners of females with cervical lesions, 18.7% (6/32) and 62.5% (20/32) had vaccine genotypes of the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines, respectively. The nonavalent vaccine showed a significantly higher potential to prevent lesions (62.5% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.0001), with an absolute additional potential impact (AAI) of 31.1% in histological and 32.4% in cytological diagnoses. Conclusions: These preliminary results provide new insight into the correlation between the number of partner genotypes and the severity of cervical lesions and show promising results for the preventive potential of vaccinating male partners.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and osteoporosis (OP) are global health concerns, with higher prevalence observed in women compared to men. However, the impact of HPV infection on bone health remains uncertain.

This case-control study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Comparable datasets were created using nearest neighbor propensity score matching (PSM) at a ratio of 1:1. The association between HPV infection and bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed using the Welch two-sample t-test. Furthermore, linear mixed models were employed for validation purposes. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and Kendall's tau-b tests were performed to explore the effect of different types of HPV infection on BMD.

Individuals with HPV infection (mean age 38.11 ± 11.32 years) had lower BMD in the femur and lumbar spine compared to uninfected individuals (mean age 37.92 ± 11.42 years). RCS analysis revealed that an increasing number of cooccurring HPV types in women was associated with lower BMD. Specifically, four HPV types were negatively associated with femur BMD, while 14 HPV types were negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD. Additionally, HPV types 53, 59, and 89 exhibited effects on both femur and lumbar spine BMD.

HPV infection is associated with a decrease in BMD, and co-infection with multiple types of HPV implies even lower BMD. Appropriately designed trials are needed to determine if interventions targeted at preventing HPV infection can have a protective effect on BMD.

Non-traditional providers and healthcare settings (e.g., dental offices, pharmacies) provide an opportunity to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine accessibility; however, they remain underutilized. The purpose of this study was to examine United States (U.S.) parents' perceptions of healthcare provider recommendations for the HPV vaccine and perceived convenience and likelihood of vaccination across healthcare settings. Parents' perceptions were assessed and compared according to the Transtheoretical Model stages of change (action: adolescent already vaccinated; preparation: intend-to-vaccinate; contemplation: unsure of intention). Parents of adolescents ages 11-12 from across the U.S. were recruited to participate in an online survey via Qualtrics that measured their perceptions of HPV vaccination by healthcare provider type and setting. The convenience and likelihood of vaccinating in different settings and the importance of provider recommendation were evaluated for those in the preparation and contemplations groups using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Participants across all stages of change were similar in their perceptions of vaccination across healthcare settings, rating family practice and pediatric offices as the most convenient and most likely settings for vaccination. Dental offices were perceived as the least convenient and least likely settings, and dental provider recommendations were rated as the least important. Among those in the contemplation stage, pharmacies were also rated lower in convenience and likelihood. There is a missed opportunity for HPV vaccination in non-traditional settings, including dental offices and pharmacies. Increasing education on HPV and availability of the vaccine in alternative settings can encourage vaccine uptake and move parents towards preparation and action.

The HPV vaccination rate of Chinese college students remains low. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide health education regarding HPV vaccination among college students in China. We used a pre-test/post-test model to implement a health education intervention for the HPV vaccine among undergraduate medical students and subsequently evaluated its effectiveness.

A total of 180 undergraduate medical students who were attending classes at the gynaecological department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from October 2022 to March 2023 were selected for inclusion in the study. Before class, all students completed a questionnaire and a pre-class quiz to obtain key points in the course. The class regarding HPV and the HPV vaccine was taught by senior teachers. After the course, all students completed a post-class quiz consisting of the same questions as the pre-class quiz. The pre-class and post-class scores were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of this teaching model.

After the HPV health education intervention in the pre-test/post-test model, the post-class scores were significantly higher than the pre-class scores for different gender, years of study, clinical majors, different willingness of vaccine to receive the vaccine(p < 0.05).

A pre-test/post-test model may be an effective approach for HPV health education interventions.

Cervical cancer (CC) is preventable through regular screening and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). However, CC remains a significant public health issue in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Vietnam, where financial constraints hinder the widespread implementation of HPV vaccination and screening programmes. Currently, Vietnam lacks both a national CC screening intervention and an HPV vaccination programme for women and girls. To date, cost-effectiveness studies evaluating CC screening methods in Vietnam remain limited.

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two CC screening strategies for Vietnamese women aged 25-55 years: (1) cotesting combining cytology and HPV testing conducted three times at 5 year intervals (intervention) and (2) cytology-based screening conducted five times at 2 year intervals (comparator). The objective is to provide evidence to inform policy and clinical practice in Vietnam.

Cost-effectiveness analysis using a Markov model with 1 year cycles to simulate the natural progression of CC.

The Vietnamese healthcare system, modelled from the provider's perspective, with parameters adapted to the local context through expert consultations.

A simulated cohort of Vietnamese women aged 25-55 years.

The intervention involved cotesting (cytology and HPV testing) three times at 5 year intervals. The comparator was cytology-based screening conducted five times at 2 year intervals.

The primary outcome measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Costs and cost-effectiveness ratios were assessed using Vietnam's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as the cost-effectiveness threshold (1-3 times GDP per capita). Sensitivity analyses (one-way deterministic and probabilistic) were conducted to account for uncertainties.

The cotesting strategy was less effective and more costly than cytology-based screening across all age groups. Cotesting resulted in higher costs and fewer QALYs than the comparator. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses confirmed that cotesting was not cost-effective under current conditions in Vietnam.

Cytology-based screening conducted five times at 2 year intervals is a more cost-effective option for CC screening in Vietnamese women aged 25-55 years. The cotesting strategy cannot be recommended due to its higher cost and lower effectiveness.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, a significant health concern worldwide. Despite advances in screening methods, including the Pap test and the HPV DNA test, limitations remain in accurately predicting which HPV infections will progress to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and, eventually, invasive cancer. This study evaluates the usefulness in real life of assessing HPV viral load and the presence of multiple HPV genotypes in enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of triage in cervical cancer screening. A retrospective analysis was performed on 55 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical samples collected from women who underwent colposcopy with a biopsy or conization at San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy, between January and June 2021. Histological diagnoses were compared with molecular analyses (HPV genotyping, viral load quantification and co-infection) using a multiplex real-time PCR platform. Of the samples analyzed, 56.4% were HPV DNA positive, while 40% tested negative. The molecular analysis identified more HPV-negative cases than the histological analysis (p < 0.05). Higher viral loads and HPV co-infections were more frequent in high-grade CIN lesions. These markers may help identify patients at an elevated risk for persistent infections and cancer progression. These findings support the potential of integrating HPV viral load and genotype co-infection assessments into routine cervical cancer screening protocols to improve early detection and reduce overtreatment and unnecessary interventions.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection that is a known cause of morbidities such as genital warts and cancers of the cervix, anus, and oropharynx. Non-cervical HPV-related cancers have been a developing problem in North America, increasing in incidence by up to 225% in some instances over a span of two decades.

This study investigated levels of awareness and knowledge of HPV, oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), and the HPV vaccine using a self-administered web-based survey designed specifically for this research. University students (n = 1005) aged 18-30 completed a 42-item questionnaire that included demographic information, awareness questions, and a series of "true/false/I don't know" knowledge questions.

The data gathered revealed that participants had relatively high levels of awareness. However, many respondents had significant gaps in their knowledge of HPV, OPC, and the HPV vaccine. Collectively, the data indicate that awareness and knowledge of HPV and the value of vaccination may place younger individuals at risk for HPV-related infections.

Although a relatively high level of awareness concerning HPV was observed, the gaps in knowledge suggest that further efforts are necessary to educate young adults. While all risk factors cannot be reduced, the present data may guide future efforts directed toward better education on HPV and related health concerns and associated risks.

The vaginal microbiota is a complex and dynamic micro-ecosystem that plays a pivotal role in protecting the host from various pathogens. Previous studies have investigated the diversity of the vaginal microbiome and its association with health outcomes, particularly the development of HPV-related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the vaginal microbiota, HPV infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs), and cervical cancers in 69 women.

DNA was extracted from vaginal samples, followed by HPV genotyping through PCR and sequenced of the16S rRNA gene.

Our results revealed that Lactobacillus was the predominant bacterium across all groups, with prevalence rates of 60.2% in women with HPV+, 63.9% in CINI, 97.7% in CINII, 52.0% in CINIII, 36.9% in cervical cancer, and 70.9% in NILM (normal cytology). Additionally, an elevated proportion of Gardnerella was identified as a high-risk bacterium associated with HPV infection, potentially contributing to the progression of cervical lesions. High-risk HPV genotypes, particularly HPV16, 52, and 33, were found to be more prevalent among women with HPV+, CIN, and cervical cancer. We also observed significantly higher alpha diversity in the vaginal microbiome of women with HPV+ and CIN, as indicated by increased Sobs, Shannon, Ace, and Chao indices, compared to the NILM group.

These findings suggest that HPV infection and its associated pathological conditions are closely linked to alterations in the vaginal microbiome. This underscores the need for further research to unravel the intricate relationship between HPV genotype infections and vaginal microbiota, which could pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a premalignant cervical condition closely linked to persistent high-risk HPV infection, a major risk factor for cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the relationship between cervicovaginal infections, HPV infection, and CIN development in 94 Romanian women with cervical lesions. Comprehensive assessments included HPV genotyping, cytology, colposcopy, and histopathology. In 53.20% of cases, vaginal infections were identified, with Candida albicans most frequently associated with HPV. Histopathology revealed 48.94% low-grade CIN, 42.55% high-grade CIN, and 8.51% invasive carcinoma. There was a strong correlation between high-risk HPV types (especially HPV 16 and 18), colposcopic findings, histopathology, and age. This study emphasizes the mutual effect of cervicovaginal infections and HPV infection in increasing the risk of developing CIN and cervical cancer among Romanian women. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, has been confirmed as a primary driver of CIN and cervical cancer progression.

Anogenital warts (AGW) including multiple types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are prevalent. In this context, oncogenic HPV infection leads to anogenital cancers and the lesion is more persistent. Several research on AGW therapy with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine injections have been successful without adverse effects. However, the effects of MMR immunotherapy for AGW on multiple HPV infections have not been reported. This research is a case report of AGW in a 17-year-old male treated with MMR. The inclusion criteria specified young age, indicative of a strong immunological status. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria comprised immunocompromised conditions, such as HIV confirmed to be negative. Dermatological examination showed that the pubic region and penile shaft presented 51 verrucous papules for 6 months, with histopathological results supporting the diagnosis of AGW. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination reported the inclusion of HPV types 6, 11, and 16. The subcutaneous MMR vaccine was injected into the deltoid area every 2 weeks for three sessions. Meanwhile, the treatment response was assessed by counting the number and measuring the size of the lesion. After three sessions of MMR immunotherapy, there was no improvement in the size or quantity of lesions. Based on previous reports, a higher clearance rate for MMR immunotherapy was found in warts with a duration of < 6 months, while oncogenic HPV genotypes, particularly HPV type 16, take longer to clear than others. The efficacy of subcutaneous MMR injection for AGW treatment was unfavorable due to oncogenic HPV types. AGW treated with MMR immunotherapy should investigate oncogenic HPV genotype. However, further research needs to be carried out to justify this conclusion due to the limitations.