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©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Transplant. Dec 18, 2024; 14(4): 95419
Published online Dec 18, 2024. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i4.95419
Published online Dec 18, 2024. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i4.95419
Table 1 Participants characteristics, n = 396
| Characteristics | n (%) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 208 (52.7) |
| Male | 188 (47.3) |
| Age in years | |
| 18-35 | 235 (59.3) |
| 36-55 | 121 (30.6) |
| > 55 | 40 (10.1) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 206 (52) |
| Married | 171 (43.2) |
| Others, divorced or widowed | 19 (4.8) |
| Educational level | |
| Less than high school | 53 (13.4) |
| Diploma | 54 (13.6) |
| BSc | 258 (65.2) |
| Higher education | 31 (7.8) |
| Employment | |
| Full-time job | 146 (36.9) |
| Part-time job | 43 (10.9) |
| Not working | 207 (52.3) |
| Monthly income in JD | |
| < 500 | 123 (31.1) |
| 500-999 | 157 (39.6) |
| 1000-1500 | 70 (17.7) |
| > 1500 | 46 (11.6) |
| Residency | |
| Urban | 362 (91.4) |
| Rural | 34 (8.6) |
Table 2 History of chronic illnesses, n = 396
| Related organ | Participant | Relatives |
| Heart | 17 (4.3) | 135 (34.1) |
| Pancreas | 10 (2.5) | 46 (11.6) |
| Kidney | 9 (2.3) | 45 (11.4) |
| Lung | 8 (2) | 39 (9.8) |
| Small intestine | 10 (2.5) | 34 (8.6) |
| Liver | 0 | 17 (4.3) |
| None | 342 (86.4) | 80 (20.2) |
Table 3 Participants’ knowledge about organ donation and brain death, n = 396
| Question | Correct answer | Incorrect answer |
| Organ donation is when a person donates one or more parts of his body during his life or after his death to another person | 371 (93.7) | 25 (6.3) |
| The blood group of the donor and the patient must match when transplanting organs | 284 (71.7) | 112 (28.3) |
| Human kidney can be transplanted | 377 (95.2) | 19 (4.8) |
| Human corneal can be transplanted | 350 (88.4) | 46 (11.6) |
| Human heart can be transplanted | 318 (80.3) | 78 (19.7) |
| Human liver can be transplanted | 309 (78) | 87 (22) |
| Human bone marrow can be transplanted | 279 (70.5) | 117 (29.5) |
| Human lung can be transplanted | 209 (52.8) | 187 (47.2) |
| Human skin can be transplanted | 185 (46.7) | 211 (53.3) |
| Brain death is the irreversible cessation of all brain functions, which means that a brain-dead person does not have the ability to exercise vital functions such as breathing without artificial support devices and medications | 341 (86.1) | 55 (13.9) |
| Even if the doctor declares brain death, the patient is alive as long as he is breathing | 51 (12.9) | 345 (87.1) |
| Even if the doctor declares brain death, the patient may recover from his injuries | 211 (53.3) | 185 (46.7) |
| Even if the doctor declares brain death, taking the patient's organs is forbidden by religion (Sharia) | 66 (16.7) | 330 (83.3) |
| Even if the doctor declares brain death, taking the patient's organs is immoral | 60 (15.2) | 336 (84.8) |
Table 4 Participants’ attitude toward organ donation
| Subscale | Total score M (SD) | Min-Max | 95%CI | |
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Total Attitude scale (out of 124) range | 72.78 (18.36) | 25-120 | 70.96 | 74.60 |
| Opinions about organ donation (out of 36) range | 24.29 (8.42) | 0-36 | 23.46 | 25.13 |
| Preferences for organ donation (out of 32) range | 17.41 (9.23) | 0-32 | 16.50 | 18.33 |
| Perceived risks of living organ donation (out of 24) range | 13.15 (7.43) | 0-24 | 12.41 | 13.88 |
| Hesitations and barriers to organ donation (out of 32) range | 17.39 (7.56) | 0-32 | 17.18 | 18.68 |
Table 5 Numbers and percentages for participants’ responses to the PABOD, n = 396
| Items | Disagree | Neutral | Agree |
| Opinions about organ donation | |||
| I believe that organ donation is a permanent good deed that benefits the community (ongoing charity) | 37 (9.3) | 55 (13.9) | 304 (76.8) |
| I believe that organ donation after death can transform the experience of death into a happy one by giving another person a chance to live | 48 (12.1) | 54 (13.6) | 294 (74.2) |
| If it was up to me, I would give consent to donate the organs of a family member when he dies, only if I knew he wanted to be a donor | 62 (15.7) | 65 (16.4) | 269 (67.9) |
| In my opinion, the donor’s family feels comfortable after his death because part of him is still alive in the body of another person | 65 (16.4) | 91 (23) | 240 (60.6) |
| I don’t agree to donate my organs after my death | 210 (53) | 84 (21.2) | 102 (25.8) |
| If it was up to me, I would give consent to donate the organs of a family member when he dies | 118 (29.8) | 86 (21.7) | 192 (48.5) |
| I encourage my family members to donate organs | 134 (33.8) | 140 (35.4) | 122 (30.8) |
| I agree to donate organs during my life to a member of my family | 65 (16.4) | 60 (15.2) | 271 (68.4) |
| I agree to donate organs regardless of the recipient’s attributes, as long as he/she needs it | 95 (24) | 79 (19.9) | 222 (56.1) |
| Preferences for organ donation | |||
| I prefer to donate to someone who is not an alcoholic | 123 (31.1) | 58 (14.6) | 215 (54.3) |
| I prefer to donate to non-smokers | 180 (45.4) | 83 (21) | 133 (33.6) |
| I prefer to donate to someone without any physical disability or disease other than what is related to the donated organ | 187 (47.2) | 106 (26.8) | (26) |
| I prefer to donate to someone who shares my religious beliefs | 154 (38.9) | 81 (20.5) | 161 (40.7) |
| I prefer to donate to someone who is under the age of 50 years | 165 (41.7) | 97 (24.5) | 134 (33.8) |
| I prefer to donate to someone without any psychological disorder or mental disability | 184 (46.5) | 89 (22.5) | (31) |
| I prefer to donate to someone who has not been criminally convicted | 166 (41.9) | 102 (25.8) | 128 (32.3) |
| I prefer to donate to someone from my own tribe | 192 (48.5) | 105 (26.5) | 99 (25) |
| Perceived risks of living organ donation | |||
| Living donation entails the risk of causing pain to the donor | 150 (37.9) | 34 (8.6) | 212 (53.5) |
| Living donation entails the risk of causing infections to the donor | 150 (37.9) | 47 (11.8) | 199 (50.3) |
| Organ donation during life causes no risks or harms | 305 (77) | 20 (5.1) | 71 (17.9) |
| Living donation entails the risk of causing bleeding to the donor | 227 (57.3) | 10 (2.5) | 159 (40.2) |
| Living donation entails the risk of causing weakness in the donor | 160 (40.4) | 33 (8.3) | 203 (51.3) |
| Living donation entails the risk of causing psychological harm, such as stress, anxiety, or depression, to the donor | 205 (51.8) | 16 (4) | 175 (44.2) |
| Hesitations and barriers to organ donation | |||
| I may hesitate to donate organs because the body might be deformed if its organs are removed | 207 (52.3) | 91 (23) | 98 (24.7) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because I believe it is essential that the human body contains all its parts when it is buried | 231 (58.3) | 73 (18.4) | 92 (23.2) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because my family does not approve of it | 172 (43.4) | 117 (29.5) | 107 (27) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because I fear side effects, medications, and surgeries | 79 (19.9) | 115 (29) | 202 (51) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because I don't like the idea of giving up one of my organs, I might need it in the future | 145 (36.6) | 106 (26.8) | 145 (36.6) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because I lack trust in the medical staff | 183 (46.2) | 112 (28.3) | 101 (25.5) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because my religious beliefs are not compatible with organ donation | 249 (62.9) | 86 (21.7) | 61 (15.4) |
| I may hesitate to donate organs because I fear falling into the network of organ trafficking | 139 (35.1) | 74 (18.7) | 183 (46.2) |
Table 6 Differences in participants’ attitudes toward organ donation based on their characteristics
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | Test | P value |
| Sex | 2.93 | 0.004 | |
| Female | 74.41 (18.39) | ||
| Male | 68.35 (17.59) | ||
| Age in years | 2.16 | 0.116 | |
| 18-35 | 73.14 (17.71) | ||
| 36-55 | 73.96 (19.46) | ||
| > 55 | 67.18 (18.14) | ||
| Marital status | 0.89 | 0.446 | |
| Single | 72.92 (18.02) | ||
| Married | 73.11 (18.90) | ||
| Others, divorced or widowed | 79.33 (17.36) | ||
| Educational level | 1.64 | 0.181 | |
| Less than high school | 72.62 (20.61) | ||
| Diploma | 67.91 (18.33) | ||
| BSc | 73.95 (17.89) | ||
| Higher education | 71.71 (17.70) | ||
| Employment | 1.35 | 0.258 | |
| Full time job | 74.34 (17.16) | ||
| Part timer job | 69.26 (19.24) | ||
| Not working | 72.41 (18.95) | ||
| Monthly income in JD | 0.42 | 0.737 | |
| < 500 | 18.54 (1.68) | ||
| 500-999 | 18.47 (1.47) | ||
| 1000-1500 | 18.73 (2.24) | ||
| > 1500 | 17.20 (2.54) | ||
| Residency | 0.93 | 0.351 | |
| Urban | 73.04 (18.27) | ||
| Rural | 69.94 (19.37) | ||
| History of chronic illnesses | 1.02 | 0.413 | |
| Yes | 72.17 (16.96) | ||
| No | 72.88 (18.59) | ||
| Chronic illnesses of relatives | 0.945 | 0.45 | |
| Yes | 72.82 (17.52) | ||
| No | 72.74 (19.16) | ||
| Do you have a personal relationship with a person who donated organs? | 0.803 | 0.44 | |
| Yes | 74.23 (18.61) | ||
| No | 72.40 (18.30) | ||
| Do you have a personal relationship with someone who needs an organ transplant? | 1.36 | 0.17 | |
| Yes | 74.75 (18.89) | ||
| No | 71.97 (18.10) | ||
| Have you thought about organ donation before? | 7.62 | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 79.41 (17.46) | ||
| No | 66.22 (16.84) | ||
| Have you ever registered your name to donate organs with any government institution? | 2.42 | 0.02 | |
| Yes | 78.96 (14.41) | ||
| No | 72.31 (18.56) |
- Citation: Al-Salhi A, Othman EH. Public knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation, and public barriers to donate in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. World J Transplant 2024; 14(4): 95419
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3230/full/v14/i4/95419.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v14.i4.95419