Listening to music during arteriovenous fistula surgery alleviates anxiety: A randomized single-blind clinical trial

Table 1 Demographical and clinical characteristics

	Control group	Study group	P value
Age (yr)	57.1 ± 16.9	56.6 ± 14.1	0.930
Gender			> 0.999
Male	13 (65.0%)	13 (61.9%)
Female	7 (35.0%)	8 (38.1%)
Education level			0.670
Illiterate	4 (20.0%)	4 (19.1%)
Literate	4 (20.0%)	4 (19.1%)
Primary	4 (20.0%)	7 (33.3%)
Secondary	1 (5.0%)	2 (9.5%)
High	4 (20.0%)	2 (9.5%)
University	3 (15.0%)	2 (9.5%)
Marital status			0.651
Married	10 (50.0%)	13 (61.9%)
Others	10 (50.0%)	8 (38.1%)
Weight (kg)	76.4 ± 12.4	79.8 ± 14.4	0.423
Height (cm)	163.6 ± 7.7	164.7 ± 9.1	0.689
Body mass index (kg/m2)	28.6 ± 4.6	29.6 ± 5.7	0.554
Presence of a dialysis catheter	14 (70.0%)	14 (66.7%)	> 0.999
Received hemodialysis prior	15 (75.0%)	14 (66.7%)	0.808
Any family members with ESRD	4 (20.0%)	3 (14.3%)	0.697
Duration of diagnosis	19.5 (2.0-70.0)	17.0 (1.5-60.0)	0.403

ESRD: End-stage kidney disease.

Table 2 Frequency distributions for the reasons of end-stage kidney disease diagnosis

	Control group		Study group
	n	%	n	%
Diabetes and HTN	7	35.0	5	23.8
Type II DM	2	10.0	3	14.3
Glomerulonephritis	2	10.0	2	9.5
Acute kidney failure	1	5.0	1	4.8
HTN	1	5.0	1	4.8
Obstructive uropathy	1	5.0	1	4.8
Type 1 DM	1	5.0	1	4.8
Alport’s diesese	1	5.0	0	0.0
Alport’s disease	0	0.0	1	4.8
Amyloidosis	1	5.0	0	0.0
Drug toxicity	1	5.0	0	0.0
Dysplastic kidney, HTN	1	5.0	0	0.0
FSGS	0	0.0	1	4.8
Kidney stones	0	0.0	1	4.8
MPGN	0	0.0	1	4.8
Polycystic kidney disease	0	0.0	1	4.8
Prostate Tm, HTN, DM	0	0.0	1	4.8
Renal cell Ca+ dysplastic kidney	0	0.0	1	4.8
Urethral stricture	1	5.0	0	0.0
Total	20	100.0	21	100.0

HTN: Hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus; FSGS: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; MPGN: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

Table 3 Frequency distributions for any other surgical intervention history

	Control group		Study group
	n	%	n	%
None	7	35.0	7	33.3
TAH-BSO	1	5.0	3	14.3
Inguinal hernia repair	1	5.0	1	4.8
TUR-P	1	5.0	1	4.8
Appendectomy	0	0.0	1	4.8
Cholecystectomy	0	0.0	1	4.8
Cystoscopy	1	5.0	0	0.0
Glaucoma surgery	0	0.0	1	4.8
Hip replacement	1	5.0	0	0.0
Kidney biopsy	0	0.0	1	4.8
Appendectomy	1	5.0	0	0.0
Kidney biopsy	1	5.0	0	0.0
Kidney transplantation	1	5.0	0	0.0
Knee arthroplasty, chronic infection	1	5.0	0	0.0
Motor vehicle accident	1	5.0	0	0.0
Motor vehicle accident, prostate op.	0	0.0	1	4.8
Nephrectomy	0	0.0	1	4.8
Prostate cancer removal	1	5.0	0	0.0
Stone removal	0	0.0	1	4.8
Total prosthetic knee replacement	1	5.0	0	0.0
TUR-P, pleural excision	1	5.0	0	0.0
Varicocele	0	0.0	1	4.8
Vitrectomy under local anaesthesia	0	0.0	1	4.8
Total	20	100.0	21	100.0

TAH-BSO: Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; TUR-P: Transurethral resection of prostate.

Table 4 Other clinical findings

	Control group	Study group	P value
Duration of procedure	44.0 ± 11.0	44.9 ± 9.8	0.783
Location of fistula creation			-
Dominant	1 (5.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Non-dominant	19 (95.0%)	21 (100.0%)
Fistula location
Brachiocephalic	12 (60.0%)	13 (61.9%)	> 0.999
Snuff-box	4 (20.0%)	4 (19.0%)	> 0.999
Radiocephalic	3 (15.0%)	4 (19.0%)	> 0.999
Brachiobasilic	1 (5.0%)	0 (0.0%)	-
Incision length	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	0.979
Estimated blood loss	42.5 (20.0-120.0)	50.0 (10.0-120.0)	0.530
VAS	4.5 (2.0-10.0)	2.0 (1.0-8.0)	< 0.001
Willingness to repeat the procedure	3.0 (1.0-9.0)	8.0 (5.0-10.0)	< 0.001
Demand of analgesic	9 (45.0%)	3 (14.3%)	0.069
Amount of local analgesic	22.5 (15.0-38.0)	20.0 (15.0-40.0)	0.607
Anticoagulant	14 (70.0%)	12 (57.1%)	0.596
Beta blocker	2 (10.0%)	4 (19.0%)	0.663
Antihypertensive	10 (50.0%)	12 (57.1%)	0.885

VAS: Visual analog scale.

Table 5 Hemodynamic measurements regarding for follow-up times

	Pre-op	Post-op	P value	Difference
SBP
Control group	154.00 ± 22.34	159.80 ± 22.65	< 0.001	5.80 ± 6.20
Study group	154.10 ± 17.74	144.52 ± 15.87	< 0.001	-9.58 ± 6.04
P value	0.988	0.016		< 0.001
DBP
Control group	84.95 ± 10.08	89.15 ± 8.08	< 0.001	4.20 ± 4.63
Study group	87.90 ± 10.89	81.86 ± 7.20	< 0.001	-6.04 ± 7.41
P value	0.373	0.004		< 0.001
HR
Control group	77.45 ± 7.07	84.45 ± 10.25	< 0.001	7.00 ± 6.08
Study group	81.71 ± 8.78	75.52 ± 8.12	< 0.001	-6.19 ± 6.79
P value	0.096	0.004		< 0.001
SAT
Control group	98.75 ± 1.25	98.30 ± 1.66	0.095	-0.45 ± 1.15
Study group	99.19 ± 1.08	99.52 ± 0.87	0.049	0.33 ± 0.73
P value	0.234	0.007		0.012
RR
Control group	19.00 ± 1.38	20.35 ± 1.46	< 0.001	1.35 ± 1.42
Study group	19.67 ± 1.46	18.95 ± 1.07	0.025	-0.72 ± 1.35
P value	0.141	< 0.001		< 0.001

Data were shown as mean ± SD. The comparisons between pre- and post-op measurements within each group, Paired t-test, according to the Bonferroni Correction P < 0.025 was considered as statistically significant. The comparisons between control and study groups, Student’s t test, according to the Bonferroni Correction P < 0.025 was considered as statistically significant except for the comparisons at the last column. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; SAT: Peripheral oxygen saturation; RR: Respiratory rate.

Table 6 Anxiety measurements regarding for follow-up times

	Pre-op	Post-op	P value	Difference
STAI-T
Control group	41.5 (24.0-61.0)	47.0 (25.0-77.0)	0.070	5.0 (-16.0–19.0)
Study group	53.0 (24.0-72.0)	40.0 (16.0-56.0)	< 0.001	-12.0 (-32.0– -2.0)
P value	0.196	0.025		< 0.001
STAI-S
Control group	49.0 (31.0-78.0)	-	-	-
Study group	48.0 (31.0-78.0)	-	-	-
P value	0.845	-		-

Data were shown as median (min-max). The comparisons between pre- and post-op measurements within each group, Wilcoxon sign rank test, according to the Bonferroni Correction P < 0.025 was considered as statistically significant. The comparisons between control and study groups, Mann Whitney U test, according to the Bonferroni Correction P < 0.025 was considered as statistically significant except for the comparisons at the last column. STAI-T: State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Transient; STAI-S: State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State.