Immunosuppression and vascular remodeling after liver transplantation: Mechanisms, surrogate markers, and modifiable pathways

doi:10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118288

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World Journal of Transplantation

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2220-3230

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Transplant. Jun 18, 2026; 16(2): 118288
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118288

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Figure 1 Life-course framework of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation. CV: Cardiovascular.

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Figure 2 Linking immunosuppressive injury pathways to noninvasive vascular phenotypes. NO: Nitric oxide; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; PWV: Pulse wave velocity; AIx: Augmentation index; cIMT: Carotid intima-media thickness; FMD: Flow-mediated dilation; CT calcium: Coronary artery calcium score; CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor; CKD: Chronic kidney disease.

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Figure 3 Comparative vascular and metabolic profiles of major immunosuppressive classes. mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

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Figure 4 Comparative mechanistic burden across drug classes. NO: Nitric oxide; CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor; mTORi: Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor; CV: Cardiovascular; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin.

Citation: Jahangir S, Zohery M, Diaz Lopez C, Hamed JC, Sarfraz S, Ashraf H, Rafiq T, Ali H, Raza M, Dahiya DS, Khalaf M, Ali H. Immunosuppression and vascular remodeling after liver transplantation: Mechanisms, surrogate markers, and modifiable pathways. World J Transplant 2026; 16(2): 118288
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3230/full/v16/i2/118288.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118288

Jahangir S, Zohery M, Diaz Lopez C, Hamed JC, Sarfraz S, Ashraf H, Rafiq T, Ali H, Raza M, Dahiya DS, Khalaf M, Ali H. Immunosuppression and vascular remodeling after liver transplantation: Mechanisms, surrogate markers, and modifiable pathways. World J Transplant 2026; 16(2): 118288 [DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.118288]

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