Transplantation of CD34+ cells for myocardial ischemia

Figure 1 Role of CD34+ cells in ischemic myocardial repair. A: In response to ischemic injury, several factors like granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-3, IL-8, IL-11, cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 (CCN1) and integrin antibodies (Antiα4β1) trigger mobilization of CD34+ cells from the bone marrow into peripheral circulation; B: Mechanisms of action of CD34+ cells on cardiomyocytes via paracrine activity are transdifferentiation into smooth muscle and endothelial cells, neovascularization, matrix remodeling, reduced apoptosis and recruitment of additional stem/progenitor cells; C: The main cardiovascular outcomes of CD34+ cells. G-CSF: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL: Interleukin; CCN1: Cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61.