©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Transplant. Dec 24, 2015; 5(4): 222-230
Published online Dec 24, 2015. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i4.222
Published online Dec 24, 2015. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i4.222
Vascular calcification, bone and mineral metabolism after kidney transplantation
Luis D’Marco, Unidad Avanzada de Investigación y Diagnostico Ecográfico y Renal, Clínica Puerto Ordaz, Puerto Ordaz 8050, Venezuela
Antonio Bellasi, U.O.C. di Nefrologia, Dialisi, Ospedale Sant’Anna, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant’Anna, 22020 Como, Italy
Antonio Bellasi, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20010 Milan, Italy
Sandro Mazzaferro, Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Geriatric, and Anesthesiological Sciences, “Sapienza” University, 00161 Rome, Italy
Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
Author contributions: D’Marco L ran PubMed searches, wrote part of the initial draft and subsequent versions, added all references to the final version of the manuscript; Bellasi A shared responsibility with D’Marco L and ran PubMed search, wrote part of the initial draft and subsequent versions, he suggested the review design and created the table; Mazzaferro S contributed to writing the initial draft and final version of the manuscript and contributed extensively to the understanding and presentation of post-renal transplant bone disease; Raggi P conceived and designed the structure of the review, contributed to writing the initial draft and wrote several versions as well as the final version of the manuscript, reviewed and corrected the English language, and he is the overall grantor of the project.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest to report for any of the authors related to this manuscript.
Correspondence to: Paolo Raggi, MD, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Suite 4A7.050, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada. raggi@ualberta.ca
Telephone: +1-780-4074575 Fax: +1-780-4077834
Received: June 24, 2015
Peer-review started: June 26, 2015
First decision: August 16, 2015
Revised: September 1, 2015
Accepted: November 13, 2015
Article in press: November 17, 2015
Published online: December 24, 2015
Processing time: 181 Days and 19.9 Hours
Peer-review started: June 26, 2015
First decision: August 16, 2015
Revised: September 1, 2015
Accepted: November 13, 2015
Article in press: November 17, 2015
Published online: December 24, 2015
Processing time: 181 Days and 19.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Despite partial restoration of glomerular function many bone and vascular abnormalities that develop during dialysis persist after kidney transplantation. Cardiovascular risk factors are also highly prevalent after kidney transplantation and some immune-suppressive drugs worsen the risk profile of graft recipients. As a result kidney transplant recipients continue to demonstrate a high cardiovascular risk in part due to the effect of vascular calcification.