Growth and development following paediatric kidney transplantation: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and clinical management

doi:10.5500/wjt.120986

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World Journal of Transplantation

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2220-3230

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Transplant. Sep 18, 2026; 16(3): 120986
Published online Sep 18, 2026. doi: 10.5500/wjt.120986

Growth and development following paediatric kidney transplantation: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and clinical management

Yu-Yang Wang, Gai Hang, Quan Wen, Yun-Peng Guo, Chen Long, Bo Chen

Yu-Yang Wang, Yun-Peng Guo, Tongliao Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Gai Hang, Quan Wen, Department of Urinary Surgery, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Chen Long, Department of Surgery, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Bo Chen, Department of Urinary Surgery, Tongliao People’s Hospital, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Author contributions: Wang YY and Hang G designed the review; Wen Q and Guo YP performed the literature search and drafted the manuscript; Long C and Chen B revised the manuscript critically and approved the final version.

AI contribution statement: ChatGPT (OpenAI, web version) was used solely for English language polishing and grammar correction of the authors’ writting. It was not used for scientific content generation, study design, data analysis, result interpretation, or image creation.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Corresponding author: Bo Chen, Department of Urinary Surgery, Tongliao People’s Hospital, No. 668 Horqin Street, Horqin District, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. chenmuxin@126.com

Received: March 13, 2026
Revised: May 20, 2026
Accepted: August 10, 2026
Published online: September 18, 2026
Processing time: 170 Days and 9.4 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Paediatric kidney transplantation markedly improves survival in children with end-stage kidney disease, yet post-transplant growth and developmental impairment remain a major challenge. This review highlights the multifactorial mechanisms underlying poor growth after paediatric kidney transplantation, including immunosuppressive exposure, incomplete renal recovery, nutritional deficits, and transplant-related complications. It further summarises emerging predictive models and personalised interventions, emphasising early transplantation, steroid-sparing or optimised immunosuppressive strategies, and careful use of growth hormone as key approaches to improve long-term growth and developmental outcomes.