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1
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Uchida J, Iwai T, Machida Y. Frailty in kidney transplant recipients. Int J Urol 2025; 32:229-238. [PMID: 39582365 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice even for the elderly, as it improves quality of life and life expectancy, lowering the financial burden to the health care system compared to dialysis therapy. In Japan, kidney transplant recipients have become older due to the shift in demographics. Compared to community-dwelling elderly adults, elderly kidney transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy have a higher risk of age-related outcomes including hospital readmissions, infections, dementia, malignancies, and fractures. In frailty, patients become vulnerable to adverse events after stressors due to a lack of physiologic reserve. Although it is often associated with aging, frailty can also occur in younger individuals with certain chronic illnesses or conditions including chronic kidney disease. Limited compensatory mechanisms result in functional impairment and adverse health outcomes, such as disability, falls, decreased mobility, hospitalization, and death. Although kidney transplant recipients can restore their kidney function after transplantation, most of them still have chronic kidney disease, as well as a gradual decline in graft function as a result of chronic allograft nephropathy. Wait-listed candidates for kidney transplantation with frailty are more likely to experience wait-list removal or death. Frailty at the time of transplantation is associated with complications after kidney transplantation such as delayed graft function, longer hospital stays, rehospitalizations, immunosuppression intolerance, surgical complications, and death. Nevertheless, kidney transplantation can be a viable intervention for frailty in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Uchida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yuichi Machida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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Vetsch T, Eggmann S, Jardot F, von Gernler M, Engel D, Beilstein CM, Wuethrich PY, Eser P, Wilhelm M. Ventilatory efficiency as a prognostic factor for postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective major surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2024; 133:178-189. [PMID: 38644158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major surgery is associated with high complication rates. Several risk scores exist to assess individual patient risk before surgery but have limited precision. Novel prognostic factors can be included as additional building blocks in existing prediction models. A candidate prognostic factor, measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, is ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2). The aim of this systematic review was to summarise evidence regarding VE/VCO2 as a prognostic factor for postoperative complications in patients undergoing major surgery. METHODS A medical library specialist developed the search strategy. No database-provided limits, considering study types, languages, publication years, or any other formal criteria were applied to any of the sources. Two reviewers assessed eligibility of each record and rated risk of bias in included studies. RESULTS From 10,082 screened records, 65 studies were identified as eligible. We extracted adjusted associations from 32 studies and unadjusted from 33 studies. Risk of bias was a concern in the domains 'study confounding' and 'statistical analysis'. VE/VCO2 was reported as a prognostic factor for short-term complications after thoracic and abdominal surgery. VE/VCO2 was also reported as a prognostic factor for mid- to long-term mortality. Data-driven covariable selection was applied in 31 studies. Eighteen studies excluded VE/VCO2 from the final multivariable regression owing to data-driven model-building approaches. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review identifies VE/VCO2 as a predictor for short-term complications after thoracic and abdominal surgery. However, the available data do not allow conclusions about clinical decision-making. Future studies should select covariables for adjustment a priori based on external knowledge. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL PROSPERO (CRD42022369944).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vetsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sabrina Eggmann
- Department of Physiotherapy, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - François Jardot
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc von Gernler
- Medical Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Engel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Beilstein
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Y Wuethrich
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prisca Eser
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Centre for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pella E, Alexandrou ME, Boutou A, Theodorakopoulou M, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Sarafidis P. Effect of kidney transplantation on indices of cardiorespiratory fitness assessed with cardiopulmonary exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:171-179. [PMID: 36803358 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2182772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with kidney failure often present with reduced cardiovascular reserve. Kidney transplantation (KT) is the optimal treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease as it is associated with longer survival and improved quality of life compared to dialysis. METHODS This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using cardiopulmonary-exercise-testing to examine the cardiorespiratory fitness of patients with kidney failure before and after KT. The primary outcome was difference in pre- and post-transplantation values of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Literature search involved three databases (PubMed-Web of Science-Scopus), manual search, and grey literature. RESULTS From 379 records initially retrieved, six studies were included in final meta-analysis. A marginal, but not significant, improvement was observed in VO2peak after KT compared to pre-transplantation values (SMD: 0.32, 95%CI -0.02; 0.67). Oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold was significantly improved after KT (WMD: 2.30 ml/kg/min, 95%CI 0.50; 4.09). Consistent results were shown between preemptive and after-dialysis-initiation transplantation and a trend for improvement in VO2peak was observed at least 3 months post-transplantation, but not earlier. CONCLUSION Several major indices of cardiorespiratory fitness tend to improve after KT. This finding may represent another modifiable factor contributing to better survival rates of kidney transplant recipients compared to patients undergoing dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pella
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Alexandrou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marieta Theodorakopoulou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Department of Sports Science At Serres, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Sports Science At Serres, Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pella E, Boutou A, Boulmpou A, Papadopoulos CE, Papagianni A, Sarafidis P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with end-stage kidney disease: principles, methodology and clinical applications of the optimal tool for exercise tolerance evaluation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:2335-2350. [PMID: 33823012 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Exercise intolerance as well as reduced cardiovascular reserve is extremely common in patients with CKD. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a non-invasive, dynamic technique that provides an integrative evaluation of cardiovascular, pulmonary, neuropsychological and metabolic function during maximal or submaximal exercise, allowing the evaluation of functional reserves of these systems. This assessment is based on the principle that system failure typically occurs when the system is under stress and thus CPET is currently considered to be the gold standard for identifying exercise limitation and differentiating its causes. It has been widely used in several medical fields for risk stratification, clinical evaluation and other applications, but its use in everyday practice for CKD patients is scarce. This article describes the basic principles and methodology of CPET and provides an overview of important studies that utilized CPET in patients with ESKD, in an effort to increase awareness of CPET capabilities among practicing nephrologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pella
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Afroditi Boutou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristi Boulmpou
- Third Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christodoulos E Papadopoulos
- Third Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Sarafidis
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Halim A, Burney HN, Li X, Li Y, Tomkins C, Siedlecki AM, Lu TS, Kalim S, Thadhani R, Moe S, Ting SM, Zehnder D, Hiemstra TF, Lim K. FGF23 and Cardiovascular Structure and Function in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1529-1541. [PMID: 36245643 PMCID: PMC9528374 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002192022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived phosphatonin that is elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. It is unknown whether elevated FGF23 in CKD is associated with impaired cardiovascular functional capacity, as assessed by maximum exercise oxygen consumption (VO2Max). We sought to determine whether FGF23 is associated with cardiovascular functional capacity in patients with advanced CKD and after improvement of VO2Max by kidney transplantation. Methods We performed secondary analysis of 235 patients from the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Renal Failure and After Kidney Transplantation (CAPER) cohort, which recruited patients with stage 5 CKD who underwent kidney transplantation or were waitlisted and hypertensive controls. All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and echocardiography and were followed longitudinally for 1 year after study enrollment. Results Patients across FGF23 quartiles differed in BMI (P=0.004) and mean arterial pressure (P<0.001) but did not significantly differ in sex (P=0.5) or age (P=0.08) compared with patients with lower levels of FGF23. Patients with higher FGF23 levels had impaired VO2Max (Q1: 24.2±4.8 ml/min per kilogram; Q4: 18.6±5.2 ml/min per kilogram; P<0.001), greater left ventricular mass index (LVMI; P<0.001), reduced HR at peak exercise (P<0.001), and maximal workload (P<0.001). Kidney transplantation conferred a significant decline in FGF23 at 2 months (P<0.001) before improvement in VO2Max at 1 year (P=0.008). Multivariable regression modeling revealed that changes in FGF23 was significantly associated with VO2Max in advanced CKD (P<0.001) and after improvement after kidney transplantation (P=0.006). FGF23 was associated with LVMI before kidney transplantation (P=0.003), however this association was lost after adjustment for dialysis status (P=0.4). FGF23 was not associated with LVMI after kidney transplantation in all models. Conclusions FGF23 levels are associated with alterations in cardiovascular functional capacity in advanced CKD and after kidney transplantation. FGF23 is only associated with structural cardiac adaptations in advanced CKD but this was modified by dialysis status, and was not associated after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Halim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather N. Burney
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Claudia Tomkins
- Biochemistry Department, Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Siedlecki
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tzong-shi Lu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravi Thadhani
- Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon Moe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen M.S. Ting
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zehnder
- Department of Nephrology and Department of Acute Medicine, North Cumbria University Hospital NHS Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas F. Hiemstra
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge; Clinical Trials Unit (CTU), Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Ma X, Zhang Z, Peng M, Yao B, Jiang H, Ji X, You Y. Face-to-Face Mentoring, Remotely Supervised Home Exercise Prehabilitation to Improve Physical Function in Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Psychol 2022; 13:831445. [PMID: 35783746 PMCID: PMC9245540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of home exercise prehabilitation on a new social platform for remote guidance to optimize the physical function of patients with end-stage renal disease awaiting kidney transplantation and provide scientific guidance on home prehabilitation exercises for patients awaiting kidney transplantation.MethodsThe subjects of this randomized clinical trial were randomly divided into the test and control groups. The control group maintained their exercise habits, while the trial group was given a 12-week personalized home prehabilitation exercise prescription (aerobic exercise + functional resistance exercise + flexibility exercise) on a new social platform with remote guidance. The participants’ physical and cardiorespiratory fitness, quality of life, and psychological functioning were assessed before and after the intervention. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) walking distance and its percentage of attainment, the handgrip, the 5 repetition-sit-to-stand test, and the 4-m gait speed were used as primary outcome indicators, while the Short Form Health Survey SF-36 (health survey summary table) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale were used as the secondary outcome indicators.ResultsAfter 12 weeks of intervention, the changes in the 6MWT measured distance (+ 44.9 ± 40.2, P = 0.001) and the percentage of 6MWT measured distance achieved (+ 6.8 ± 5.7, P = 0.001), the handgrip (+ 2.7 ± 4.3, P = 0.028), the 5-sit-to-stand test (−1.1 ± 1.4, P = 0.005), and the 4-m walking speed (−0.3 ± 0.4, P < 0.001) of the test group (n = 21) improved significantly. In the control group (n = 16), the changes in the 6MWT measured distance (−13.1 ± 57.2), the 6MWT measured distance attainment percentage (−2.1 ± 9.1), the handgrip (−0.1 ± 2.5), the 5-sit-to-stand test value (0.6 ± 2.2), and the 4-m walking speed (0.2 ± 0.5) showed no significant difference. No significant improvement in anxiety, depression, and SF-36 was noted in both the test and control groups.ConclusionThe remote coaching of home exercise pre-habilitation on a new social platform significantly improves the physical and cardiopulmonary fitness of patients with end-stage renal disease awaiting kidney transplantation. This treatment is safe and feasible in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zaozhang Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Second Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengsi Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Bonuan Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongtao Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong You,
| | - Xuanfu Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy Program, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong You,
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Lim K, Ting SMS, Hamborg T, McGregor G, Oxborough D, Tomkins C, Xu D, Thadhani R, Lewis G, Bland R, Banerjee P, Fletcher S, Krishnan NS, Higgins R, Zehnder D, Hiemstra TF. Cardiovascular Functional Reserve Before and After Kidney Transplant. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 5:420-429. [PMID: 32022839 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Importance Restitution of kidney function by transplant confers a survival benefit in patients with end-stage renal disease. Investigations of mechanisms involved in improved cardiovascular survival have relied heavily on static measures from echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and have provided conflicting results to date. Objectives To evaluate cardiovascular functional reserve in patients with end-stage renal disease before and after kidney transplant and to assess functional and morphologic alterations of structural-functional dynamics in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, nonrandomized, single-center, 3-arm, controlled cohort study, the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Renal Failure and After Kidney Transplantation (CAPER) study, included patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) who underwent kidney transplant (KTR group), patients with stage 5 CKD who were wait-listed and had not undergone transplant (NTWC group), and patients with hypertension only (HTC group) seen at a single center from April 1, 2010, to January 1, 2013. Patients were followed up longitudinally for up to 1 year after kidney transplant. Clinical data collection was completed February 2014. Data analysis was performed from June 1, 2014, to March 5, 2015. Further analysis on baseline and prospective data was performed from June 1, 2017, to July 31, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Cardiovascular functional reserve was objectively quantified using state-of-the-art cardiopulmonary exercise testing in parallel with transthoracic echocardiography. Results Of the 253 study participants (mean [SD] age, 48.5 [12.7] years; 141 [55.7%] male), 81 were in the KTR group, 85 in the NTWC group, and 87 in the HTC group. At baseline, mean (SD) maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) was significantly lower in the CKD groups (KTR, 20.7 [5.8] mL · min-1 · kg-1; NTWC, 18.9 [4.7] mL · min-1 · kg-1) compared with the HTC group (24.9 [7.1] mL · min-1 · kg-1) (P < .001). Mean (SD) cardiac left ventricular mass index was higher in patients with CKD (KTR group, 104.9 [36.1] g/m2; NTWC group, 113.8 [37.7] g/m2) compared with the HTC group (87.8 [16.9] g/m2), (P < .001). Mean (SD) left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in the patients with CKD (KTR group, 60.1% [8.6%]; NTWC group, 61.4% [8.9%]) compared with the HTC group (66.1% [5.9%]) (P < .001). Kidney transplant was associated with a significant improvement in V̇O2max in the KTR group at 12 months (22.5 [6.3] mL · min-1 · kg-1; P < .001), but the value did not reach the V̇O2max in the HTC group (26.0 [7.1] mL · min-1 · kg-1) at 12 months. V̇O2max decreased in the NTWC group at 12 months compared with baseline (17.7 [4.1] mL · min-1 · kg-1, P < .001). Compared with the KTR group (63.2% [6.8%], P = .02) or the NTWC group (59.3% [7.6%], P = .003) at baseline, transplant was significantly associated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction at 12 months but not with left ventricular mass index. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that kidney transplant is associated with improved cardiovascular functional reserve after 1 year. In addition, cardiopulmonary exercise testing was sensitive enough to detect a decline in cardiovascular functional reserve in wait-listed patients with CKD. Improved V̇O2max may in part be independent from structural alterations of the heart and depend more on ultrastructural changes after reversal of uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Stephen M S Ting
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hamborg
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon McGregor
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institutes of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Tomkins
- Department of Pathology Service, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dihua Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ravi Thadhani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Gregory Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rosemary Bland
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Prithwish Banerjee
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Centre for Innovative Research Across the Life Course, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Fletcher
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nithya S Krishnan
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Higgins
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zehnder
- Department of Nephrology, North Cumbria University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom.,Department of Acute Medicine, North Cumbria University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas F Hiemstra
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit and School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Lim K, McGregor G, Coggan AR, Lewis GD, Moe SM. Cardiovascular Functional Changes in Chronic Kidney Disease: Integrative Physiology, Pathophysiology and Applications of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Front Physiol 2020; 11:572355. [PMID: 33041870 PMCID: PMC7522507 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.572355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiovascular disease during renal impairment involves striking multi-tiered, multi-dimensional complex alterations encompassing the entire oxygen transport system. Complex interactions between target organ systems involving alterations of the heart, vascular, musculoskeletal and respiratory systems occur in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and collectively contribute to impairment of cardiovascular function. These systemic changes have challenged our diagnostic and therapeutic efforts, particularly given that imaging cardiac structure at rest, rather than ascertainment under the stress of exercise, may not accurately reflect the risk of premature death in CKD. The multi-systemic nature of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients provides strong rationale for an integrated approach to the assessment of cardiovascular alterations in this population. State-of-the-art cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a powerful, dynamic technology that enables the global assessment of cardiovascular functional alterations and reflects the integrative exercise response and complex machinery that form the oxygen transport system. CPET provides a wealth of data from a single assessment with mechanistic, physiological and prognostic utility. It is an underutilized technology in the care of patients with kidney disease with the potential to help advance the field of cardio-nephrology. This article reviews the integrative physiology and pathophysiology of cardio-renal impairment, critical new insights derived from CPET technology, and contemporary evidence for potential applications of CPET technology in patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gordon McGregor
- Coventry University Hospital, Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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9
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Bakris GL, Josephson MA. Improvement of Cardiovascular Functional Reserve After Kidney Transplant-Has the CAPER Been Solved? JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5:430-431. [PMID: 32022826 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Stubbs DJ, Grimes LA, Ercole A. Performance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the prediction of post-operative complications in non cardiopulmonary surgery: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226480. [PMID: 32012165 PMCID: PMC6996804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is widely used within the United Kingdom for preoperative risk stratification. Despite this, CPET's performance in predicting adverse events has not been systematically evaluated within the framework of classifier performance. METHODS After prospective registration on PROSPERO (CRD42018095508) we systematically identified studies where CPET was used to aid in the prognostication of mortality, cardiorespiratory complications, and unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission in individuals undergoing non-cardiopulmonary surgery. For all included studies we extracted or calculated measures of predictive performance whilst identifying and critiquing predictive models encompassing CPET derived variables. RESULTS We identified 36 studies for qualitative review, from 27 of which measures of classifier performance could be calculated. We found studies to be highly heterogeneous in methodology and quality with high potential for bias and confounding. We found seven studies that presented risk prediction models for outcomes of interest. Of these, only four studies outlined a clear process of model development; assessment of discrimination and calibration were performed in only two and only one study undertook internal validation. No scores were externally validated. Systematically identified and calculated measures of test performance for CPET demonstrated mixed performance. Data was most complete for anaerobic threshold (AT) based predictions: calculated sensitivities ranged from 20-100% when used for predicting risk of mortality with high negative predictive values (96-100%). In contrast, positive predictive value (PPV) was poor (2.9-42.1%). PPV appeared to be generally higher for cardiorespiratory complications, with similar sensitivities. Similar patterns were seen for the association of Peak VO2 (sensitivity 85.7-100%, PPV 2.7-5.9%) and VE/VCO2 (Sensitivity 27.8%-100%, PPV 3.4-7.1%) with mortality. CONCLUSIONS In general CPET's 'rule-out' capability appears better than its ability to 'rule-in' complications. Poor PPV may reflect the frequency of complications in studied populations. Our calculated estimates of classifier performance suggest the need for a balanced interpretation of the pros and cons of CPET guided pre-operative risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Stubbs
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Grimes
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Ercole
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Basu A. Role of Physical Performance Assessments and Need for a Standardized Protocol for Selection of Older Kidney Transplant Candidates. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:1666-1676. [PMID: 31844803 PMCID: PMC6895582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The older adult population (65 years or older) with advanced or end-stage kidney disease is steadily growing, but rates of transplantation within this cohort have not increased in a similar fashion. Physical deconditioning, resulting in poor post-transplantation outcomes, is a primary concern among older renal patients. The assessment of physical function often holds more weight in the selection process for older candidates, despite evidence showing benefits of transplantation to this vulnerable population. Although several frailty assessment tools are being used increasingly to assess functional status, there is no standardized selection process for older candidates based on these assessment results. Also, it is unknown if timely targeted physical therapy interventions in older patients result in significant improvement of functioning capacity, translating to higher listing and transplantation rates, and improved post-transplantation outcomes. It is therefore of upmost importance not only to incorporate an effective objective functional status assessment process into selection and waitlist evaluation protocols, but also to have targeted interventions in place to maintain and improve physical conditioning among older renal patients. This paper reviews the commonly utilized assessment tools, and their applicability to older patients with renal disease. We also propose the need for definitive selection and waitlist management guidelines to formulate a streamlined assessment of functional capacity and transplant eligibility, as well as a process to maintain functional status, thereby increasing the access of older patients to renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Basu
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Gandolfini I, Regolisti G, Bazzocchi A, Maggiore U, Palmisano A, Piotti G, Fiaccadori E, Sabatino A. Frailty and Sarcopenia in Older Patients Receiving Kidney Transplantation. Front Nutr 2019; 6:169. [PMID: 31781571 PMCID: PMC6861371 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most of the patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It improves quality of life, life expectancy, and has a lower financial burden to the healthcare system in comparison to dialysis. Every year more and more older patients are included in the kidney transplant waitlist. Within this patient population, transplanted subjects have better survival and quality of life as compared to those on dialysis. It is therefore crucial to select older patients who may benefit from renal transplantation, as well as those particularly at risk for post-transplant complications. Sarcopenia and frailty are frequently neglected in the evaluation of kidney transplant candidates. Both conditions are interrelated complex geriatric syndromes that are linked to disability, aging, comorbidities, increased mortality, and graft failure post-transplantation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and more importantly ESRD are characterized by multiple metabolic complications that contribute for the development of sarcopenia and frailty. In particular, anorexia, metabolic acidosis and chronic low-grade inflammation are the main contributors to the development of sarcopenia, a key component in frail transplant candidates and recipients. Both frailty and sarcopenia are considered to be reversible. Frail patients respond well to multiprofessional interventions that focus on the patients' positive frailty criteria, while physical rehabilitation and oral supplementation may improve sarcopenia. Prospective studies are still needed to evaluate the utility of formally measuring frailty and sarcopenia in the older candidates to renal transplantation as part of the transplant evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gandolfini
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Regolisti
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Bazzocchi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Umberto Maggiore
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Palmisano
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piotti
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Fiaccadori
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma & Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
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McGregor G, Ennis S, Powell R, Hamborg T, Raymond NT, Owen W, Aldridge N, Evans G, Goodby J, Hewins S, Banerjee P, Krishnan NS, Ting SMS, Zehnder D. Feasibility and effects of intra-dialytic low-frequency electrical muscle stimulation and cycle training: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200354. [PMID: 29995947 PMCID: PMC6040736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Exercise capacity is reduced in chronic kidney failure (CKF). Intra-dialytic cycling is beneficial, but comorbidity and fatigue can prevent this type of training. Low–frequency electrical muscle stimulation (LF-EMS) of the quadriceps and hamstrings elicits a cardiovascular training stimulus and may be a suitable alternative. The main objectives of this trial were to assess the feasibility and efficacy of intra-dialytic LF-EMS vs. cycling Design, setting, participants, and measurements Assessor blind, parallel group, randomized controlled pilot study with sixty-four stable patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Participants were randomized to 10 weeks of 1) intra-dialytic cycling, 2) intra-dialytic LF-EMS, or 3) non-exercise control. Exercise was performed for up to one hour three times per week. Cycling workload was set at 40–60% oxygen uptake (VO2) reserve, and LF-EMS at maximum tolerable intensity. The control group did not complete any intra-dialytic exercise. Feasibility of intra-dialytic LF-EMS and cycling was the primary outcome, assessed by monitoring recruitment, retention and tolerability. At baseline and 10 weeks, secondary outcomes including cardio-respiratory reserve, muscle strength, and cardio-arterial structure and function were assessed. Results Fifty-one (of 64 randomized) participants completed the study (LF-EMS = 17 [77%], cycling = 16 [80%], control = 18 [82%]). Intra-dialytic LF-EMS and cycling were feasible and well tolerated (9% and 5% intolerance respectively, P = 0.9). At 10-weeks, cardio-respiratory reserve (VO2 peak) (Difference vs. control: LF-EMS +2.0 [95% CI, 0.3 to 3.7] ml.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.02, and cycling +3.0 [95% CI, 1.2 to 4.7] ml.kg-1.min-1, P = 0.001) and leg strength (Difference vs. control: LF-EMS, +94 [95% CI, 35.6 to 152.3] N, P = 0.002 and cycling, +65.1 [95% CI, 6.4 to 123.8] N, P = 0.002) were improved. Arterial structure and function were unaffected. Conclusions Ten weeks of intra-dialytic LF-EMS or cycling improved cardio-respiratory reserve and muscular strength. For patients who are unable or unwilling to cycle during dialysis, LF-EMS is a feasible alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon McGregor
- Health & Life Sciences Faculty Research Centre, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart Ennis
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise & Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Centre for Exercise & Health, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Powell
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Centre for Exercise & Health, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hamborg
- Statistics and Epidemiology, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Neil T. Raymond
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - William Owen
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Centre for Exercise & Health, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Aldridge
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Evans
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Josie Goodby
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Hewins
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nithya S. Krishnan
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. S. Ting
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Zehnder
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Acute Medicine, North Cumbria University Hospital NHS Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom
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Transplant Critical Care: Is there a Need for Sub-specialized Units? - A Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:83-89. [PMID: 30582000 PMCID: PMC6294987 DOI: 10.2478/jccm-2018-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The critical care involved in solid-organ transplantation (SOT) is complex. Pre-, intra- and post-transplant care can significantly impact both – patients’ ability to undergo SOT and their peri-operative morbidity and mortality. Much of the care necessary for medical optimization of end-stage organ failure (ESOF) patients to qualify and then successfully undergo SOT, and the management of peri-operative and/or long-term complications thereafter occurs in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The current literature specific to critical care in abdominal SOT patients was reviewed. This paper provides a contemporary perspective on the potential multifactorial advantages of sub-specialized transplant critical care units in providing efficient, comprehensive, and collaborative multidisciplinary care.
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15
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Rogan A, McCarthy K, McGregor G, Hamborg T, Evans G, Hewins S, Aldridge N, Fletcher S, Krishnan N, Higgins R, Zehnder D, Ting SM. Quality of life measures predict cardiovascular health and physical performance in chronic renal failure patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183926. [PMID: 28910330 PMCID: PMC5598960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience complex functional and structural changes of the cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal system. This results in reduced exercise tolerance, quality of life and ultimately premature death. We investigated the relationship between subjective measures of health related quality of life and objective, standardised functional measures for cardiovascular and pulmonary health. METHODS Between April 2010 and January 2013, 143 CKD stage-5 or CKD5d patients (age 46.0±1.1y, 62.2% male), were recruited prospectively. A control group of 83 healthy individuals treated for essential hypertension (HTN; age 53.2±0.9y, 48.22% male) were recruited at random. All patients completed the SF-36 health survey questionnaire, echocardiography, vascular tonometry and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS Patients with CKD had significantly lower SF-36 scores than the HTN group; for physical component score (PCS; 45.0 vs 53.9, p<0.001) and mental component score (MCS; 46.9 vs. 54.9, p<0.001). CKD subjects had significantly poorer exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory performance compared with HTN (maximal oxygen uptake; VO2peak 19.9 vs 25.0ml/kg/min, p<0.001). VO2peak was a significant independent predictor of PCS in both groups (CKD: b = 0.35, p = 0.02 vs HTN: b = 0.27, p = 0.001). No associations were noted between PCS scores and echocardiographic characteristics, vascular elasticity and cardiac biomarkers in either group. No associations were noted between MCS and any variable. The interaction effect of study group with VO2peak on PCS was not significant (ΔB = 0.08; 95%CI -0.28-0.45, p = 0.7). However, overall for a given VO2peak, the measured PCS was much lower for patients with CKD than for HTN cohort, a likely consequence of systemic uremia effects. CONCLUSION In CKD and HTN, objective physical performance has a significant effect on quality of life; particularly self-reported physical health and functioning. Therefore, these quality of life measures are indeed a good reflection of physical health correlating highly with objective physical performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rogan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wellington Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - K. McCarthy
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - G. McGregor
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - T. Hamborg
- Division of Health Sciences Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - G. Evans
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S. Hewins
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - N. Aldridge
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S. Fletcher
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - N. Krishnan
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - R. Higgins
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - D. Zehnder
- Department of Acute Medicine, North Cumbria University Hospital NHS Trust, Carlisle, United Kingdom
- Division of Translational Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - S. M. Ting
- Division of Translational Medicine, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Acute Medicine, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Cheng XS, Myers JN, Chertow GM, Rabkin R, Chan KN, Chen Y, Tan JC. Prehabilitation for kidney transplant candidates: Is it time? Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing S. Cheng
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Jonathan N. Myers
- Division of Cardiology; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; Palo Alto CA USA
- Research Service; Veterans Administration Health Care System; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Glenn M. Chertow
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Ralph Rabkin
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
- Research Service; Veterans Administration Health Care System; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Khin N. Chan
- Division of Cardiology; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Research Service; Veterans Administration Health Care System; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Jane C. Tan
- Division of Nephrology; Department of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
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Pre-operative Functional Cardiovascular Reserve Is Associated with Acute Kidney Injury after Intervention. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2017; 53:717-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wallen MP, Skinner TL, Pavey TG, Hall A, Macdonald GA, Coombes JS. Safety, adherence and efficacy of exercise training in solid-organ transplant candidates: A systematic review. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:218-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Moran J, Wilson F, Guinan E, McCormick P, Hussey J, Moriarty J. Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a risk-assessment method in patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116:177-91. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Canet E, Zafrani L, Azoulay É. The Critically Ill Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Narrative Review. Chest 2016; 149:1546-55. [PMID: 26836919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the most common solid organ transplantation performed worldwide. Up to 6% of kidney transplant recipients experience a life-threatening complication that requires ICU admission, chiefly in the late posttransplantation period (≥ 6 months). Acute respiratory failure and septic shock are the main reasons for ICU admission. Cardiac pulmonary edema, bacterial pneumonia, acute graft pyelonephritis, and bloodstream infections account for the vast majority of diagnoses in the ICU. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is the most common opportunistic infection, and one-half of the patients so infected require mechanical ventilation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus visceral infections in the era of preemptive therapy has dramatically decreased. Drug-related neutropenia, sirolimus-related pneumonitis, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome are among the most common immunosuppression-associated toxic effects. Importantly, the impact of critical illness on graft function is worrisome. Throughout the ICU stay, acute kidney injury is common, and about 40% of the recipients require renal replacement therapy. One-half of the patients are discharged alive and free from dialysis. Hospital mortality can reach 30% and correlates with acute illness severity and reason for ICU admission. Transplant characteristics are not predictors of short-term survival. Graft survival depends on pre-ICU graft function, disease severity, and renal toxicity of ICU investigations and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Canet
- Medical Intensive Care Unit Department, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Lara Zafrani
- Medical Intensive Care Unit Department, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Élie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit Department, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
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Palepu S, Prasad GVR. Screening for cardiovascular disease before kidney transplantation. World J Transplant 2015; 5:276-286. [PMID: 26722655 PMCID: PMC4689938 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-kidney transplant cardiac screening has garnered particular attention from guideline committees as an approach to improving post-transplant success. Screening serves two major purposes: To more accurately inform transplant candidates of their risk for a cardiac event before and after the transplant, thereby informing decisions about proceeding with transplantation, and to guide pre-transplant management so that post-transplant success can be maximized. Transplant candidates on dialysis are more likely to be screened for coronary artery disease than those not being considered for transplantation. Thorough history and physical examination taking, resting electrocardiography and echocardiography, exercise stress testing, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, dobutamine stress echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, cardiac biomarker measurement, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging all play contributory roles towards screening for cardiovascular disease before kidney transplantation. In this review, the importance of each of these screening procedures for both coronary artery disease and other forms of cardiac disease are discussed.
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Ting SMS, Iqbal H, Kanji H, Hamborg T, Aldridge N, Krishnan N, Imray CHE, Banerjee P, Bland R, Higgins R, Zehnder D. Functional cardiovascular reserve predicts survival pre-kidney and post-kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:187-95. [PMID: 24231666 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is an important comorbidity in patients with CKD. Anaerobic threshold (AT) determines the upper limits of aerobic exercise and is a measure of cardiovascular reserve. This study investigated the prognostic capacity of AT on survival in patients with advanced CKD and the effect of kidney transplantation on survival in those with reduced cardiovascular reserve. Using cardiopulmonary exercise testing, cardiovascular reserve was evaluated in 240 patients who were waitlisted for kidney transplantation between 2008 and 2010, and patients were followed for ≤5 years. Survival time was the primary endpoint. Cumulative survival for the entire cohort was 72.6% (24 deaths), with cardiovascular events being the most common cause of death (54.2%). According to Kaplan-Meier estimates, patients with AT <40% of predicted peak VO2 had a significantly reduced 5-year cumulative overall survival rate compared with those with AT ≥40% (P<0.001). Regarding the cohort with AT <40%, patients who underwent kidney transplantation (6 deaths) had significantly better survival compared with nontransplanted patients (17 deaths) (hazard ratio, 4.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.78 to 11.38; P=0.002). Survival did not differ significantly among patients with AT ≥40%, with one death in the nontransplanted group and no deaths in the transplanted group. In summary, this is the first prospective study to demonstrate a significant association of AT, as the objective index of cardiovascular reserve, with survival in patients with advanced CKD. High-risk patients with reduced cardiovascular reserve had a better survival rate after receiving a kidney transplant.
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