Parenting preschoolers with autism: Socioeconomic influences on wellbeing and sense of competence

doi:10.5498/wjp.v9.i2.30

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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Observational Study

World J Psychiatr. Mar 27, 2019; 9(2): 30-46
Published online Mar 27, 2019. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v9.i2.30

Table 1 Demographic information

Demographic information	n (%)
Sex of child (male: female, n = 117)	96 (82.1): 21 (17.9)
Age of child in years at enrolment at Centre (n = 117)
mean (SD)	4.13 (0.53)
Median (range)	4.15 (2.74-5.79)
Country of birth of child (Australia: overseas, n = 110)	106 (96.4): 4 (3.6)
Indigenous background (n = 88)	4 (4.5)
CALD background (n = 107)	63 (58.9)
English as additional language (n = 111)	49 (44.1)
Primary carer (n = 75)
Mother	68 (90.7)
Father	5 (6.7)
Other extended family	2 (2.7)
IRSAD percentile ranking (n = 116)
mean (SD)	38.8 (25.06)
Median (range)	34 (4-95)
IRSAD categories (n = 111)
Lowest third	43 (38.7)
Middle third	49 (44.1)
Top third	19 (17.1)
AUSEI06 percentile ranking (n = 112)
mean (SD)	65.56 (20.56)
Median (range)	71.6 (7.9-100)
AUSEI06 (n = 109)
Lowest third	7 (6.4)
Middle third	33 (30.3)
Top third	69 (63.3)

CALD: Culturally and linguistically diverse; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage; AUESI06: Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006.

Table 2 Means and standard deviations for measures of autism spectrum disorder symptom severity

ASD symptom severity measure	mean (SD, range)
SCQ communication (n = 109)	5.66 (2.09, 0-12)
SCQ social (n = 110)	7.19 (3.47, 0-14)
SCQ RRSB (n = 110)	4.36 (2.32, 0-8)
SCQ total (n = 110)	18.36 (6.29, 2-36)
VABS adaptive (n = 99)	64.56 (12.48, 42-106)
VABS maladaptive (n = 106)	19.26 (1.87, 15-24)
ADOS severity score (n = 99)	7.11 (1.76, 1-10)

SCQ: Social Communication Questionnaire; RRSB: Restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour; VABS: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder.

Table 3 Means and standard deviations for mothers’ and fathers’ parenting sense of competence and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress

	Mothers, mean (SD, range)	Fathers, mean (SD, range)
PSOC satisfaction	3.67 (1.04, 1-6), n = 107	3.74 (0.91, 2.17-5.67), n = 54
PSOC efficacy	4.34 (0.89, 1.43-6), n = 107	4.31 (0.67, 2.71-5.71), n = 54
PSOC interest	4.88 (1.12, 1-6), n = 107	4.66 (1.00, 2.50-6), n = 54
DASS depression	3.57 (3.68, 0-13), n = 102	3.78 (4.32, 0-16), n = 54
DASS anxiety	2.76 (3.03, 0-11), n = 101	2.45 (3.01, 0-13), n = 53
DASS stress	5.32 (3.92, 0-15), n = 101	5.04 (4.42, 0-15), n = 53

PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.

Table 4 Comparison of our data with normative data

	Mothers	Fathers
PSOC satisfaction¹	t(864) = 2.160, P = 0.031^a	t(351) = -1.572, P = 0.117
PSOC efficacy¹	t(864) = 13.065, P < 0.001^d	t(351) = 3.788, P < 0.001^d
PSOC interest¹	t(125.573) = -2.036, P = 0.044^a	t(61.599) = -2.972, P = 0.004^b
DASS depression²	t(597) = 2.399, P = 0.017^a	t(549) = 2.158, P = 0.031^a
DASS anxiety²	t(596) = 3.318, P = 0.001^b	t(548) = 1.760, P = 0.079
DASS stress²	t(596) = 2.090, P = 0.004^b	t(548) = 1.703, P = 0.089

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.001.

¹Compared with normative data presented in Rogers and Matthews[17].

²Compared with normative data presented in Crawford et al[78].

PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.

Table 5 Means and standard deviations for culturally and linguistically diverse and non-culturally and linguistically diverse parents’ parenting sense of competence and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress

	CALD, mean (SD, range)	Non-CALD, mean (SD, range)
Mothers
PSOC satisfaction	3.65 (1.06, 1.2-5.6), n = 57	3.78 (0.98, 2-6), n = 41
PSOC efficacy	4.32 (0.84, 1.86-6), n = 57	4.34 (0.99, 1.43-5.71), n = 41
PSOC interest	4.76 (1.3, 1-6), n = 57	5.01 (0.90, 3-6), n = 41
DASS depression	3.39 (3.56, 0-13), n = 51	3.49 (3.77, 0-13), n = 41
DASS anxiety	2.66 (2.97, 0-9), n = 50	2.63 (2.99, 0-11), n = 41
DASS stress	5.60 (3.57, 0-13), n = 50	4.61 (4.41, 0-15), n = 41
Fathers
PSOC satisfaction	3.90 (0.93, 2.17-5.67), n = 29	3.55 (0.78, 2.33-5), n = 20
PSOC efficacy	4.35 (0.93, 3-5.71), n = 29	4.26 (0.80, 2.71-5.57), n = 20
PSOC interest	4.52 (0.95, 2.5-6), n = 29	4.85 (1.05, 2.5-6), n = 20
DASS depression	2.70 (3.68, 0-15), n = 30	5.10 (4.99, 0-16), n = 20
DASS anxiety	2.45 (2.71, 0-11), n = 29	2.35 (3.51, 0-13), n = 20
DASS stress	4.24 (3.77, 0-15), n = 29	5.85 (5.07, 0-15), n = 20

CALD: Culturally and linguistically diverse; PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.

Table 6 Significant correlations between measures of parenting sense of competence and wellbeing and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity for the whole sample and by levels of socioeconomic status

Mothers			Fathers
Full sample	Sample by AUSEI06	Sample by IRSAD	Full sample	Sample by AUSEI06	Sample by IRSAD
PSOC satisfaction
Negative: SCQ communication, r(99) = -0.270, P = 0.007	Top third of SES: Negative: SCQ total, r(60) = -0.317, P = 0.013	Middle third of SES: Negative: SCQ communication, r(39) = -0.457, P = 0.003
Negative: SCQ total, r(100) = -0.264, P = 0.008	Negative: SCQ communication, r(59) = -0.300, P = 0.021	Top third of SES: Negative: SCQ communication, r(17) = -0.545, P = 0.024
Negative: SCQ social, r(100) =-0.226, = 0.024		Negative: SCQ RRBI, r(17) = -0.553, P = 0.021
Positive: VABS - adaptive, r(90) = 0.235, P = 0.026		Negative: SCQ total, r(17) = -0.572, P = 0.016
PSOC efficacy
Negative: SCQ social, r(100) = -0.291, P = 0.003	Top third of SES: Positive: VABS - adaptive, r(56) = 0.360, P = 0.006	Top third of SES: Negative: SCQ communication, r(17) = -0.719, P = 0.001		Top third of SES: Negative: VABS - maladaptive, r(37) = -0.461, P = 0.004	Bottom third of SES: Negative: VABS - maladaptive, r(23) = -0.487, P = 0.018
Negative: SCQ RRSB, r(100) = -0.307, P = 0.002	Negative: SCQ total, r(60) = -0.374, P = 0.003	Negative: SCQ social, r(17) = -0.609, P = 0.010		Negative: SCQ total, r(39) = -0.449, P = 0.004
Negative: SCQ total, r(100) = -0.348, P < 0.001	Negative: SCQ Social, r(60) = -0.304, P = 0.018	Negative: SCQ Total, r(17) = -0.660, P = 0.004
Positive: VABS - adaptive, r(90) = 0.230, P = 0.029	Negative: SCQ RRBI, r(60) = -0.312, P = 0.015
PSOC interest
Positive: IRSAD, r(106) = 0.278, P = 0.004		Middle third of SES: Negative: SCQ communication, r(39) = -0.364, P = 0.023
		Top third of SES: Negative: SCQ communication, r(17) = -0.553, P = 0.021
DASS depression
Negative: VABS - adaptive, r(85) = -0.258, P = 0.017		Top third of SES: Negative: VABS - adaptive, r(14) = -0.664, P = 0.010	Negative: AUSEI06, r(52) = -0.323, P = 0.020
Positive: SCQ total, r(95) = 0.238, P = 0.020
DASS anxiety
		Top third of SES: Positive: VABS - maladaptive, r(14) = 0.644, P = 0.013	Negative: AUSEI06, r(52) = -0.316, P = 0.023
DASS stress
		Top third of SES: Positive: ADOS comparison (severity) score, r(14) = 0.635, P = 0.015	Negative: AUSEI06, r(53) = -0.305, P = 0.026

The value in parenthesis after “r” is the sample size for the analysis (n). PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; SCQ: Social Communication Questionnaire; VABS: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales; IRSAD: Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage; AUESI06: Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006; SES: Socioeconomic status.

Citation: Mathew NE, Burton KLO, Schierbeek A, Črnčec R, Walter A, Eapen V. Parenting preschoolers with autism: Socioeconomic influences on wellbeing and sense of competence. World J Psychiatr 2019; 9(2): 30-46
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v9/i2/30.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v9.i2.30