Bullying among people with visual impairment: Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to self-efficacy and life satisfaction

Table 1 Study characteristics (n = 736)

Characteristics	n (%)
Age (yr)
18-35	157 (21.3)
36-50	186 (25.3)
51-65	200 (27.2)
≥ 66	193 (26.2)
Gender
Male	333 (45.2)
Female	403 (54.8)
Marital status
Single	260 (35.3)
Married/partner	347 (47.2)
Former married/partner	129 (17.5)
Working or studying
No	248 (33.7)
Yes	295 (40.1)
Retired	193 (26.2)
Urbanicity
< 50000 inhabitants	400 (54.4)
≥ 50000 inhabitants	336 (45.7)
Parental ethnicity
Norwegian	645 (87.6)
Non-Norwegian	91 (12.4)
Education
< 10 yr	115 (15.6)
10-13 yr	286 (38.9)
≥ 14 yr	335 (45.5)
Age at VI onset
Since birth	329 (44.7)
Childhood or youth (1-24 yr)	143 (19.4)
Adulthood (≥ 25 yr)	264 (35.9)
VI severity
Moderate VI/other	186 (25.3)
Severe VI	296 (40.2)
Blindness	254 (34.5)
Stability of VI
Progressive	231 (28.9)
Stable	523 (71.1)
Other impairments
No	478 (65.0)
Yes	258 (35.0)

Table 2 Univariable and multivariable regression analyses of factors associated with lifetime bullying among individuals with VI (n = 736)

Covariates	% of bullying	Univariable	Multivariable
		RR (95%CI)	RR (95%CI)
Age (yr)
18-35	58.0	2.62 (1.95-3.51)	2.09 (1.53-2.85)
36-50	51.1	2.26 (1.68-3.05)	2.04 (1.51-2.77)
51-65	38.5	1.77 (1.30-2.41)	1.66 (1.12-2.26)
≥ 66	22.8	1.00	1.00
Gender
Male	38.7	1.00	1.00
Female	44.2	1.14 (0.96-1.36)	1.15 (0.98-1.34)
Parental ethnicity
Norwegian	41.2	1.00	1.00
Others	45.1	1.09 (0.86-1.40)	1.00 (0.81-1.25)
Urbanicity
< 50000 inhabitants	46.3	1.00	1.00
≥ 50000 inhabitants	36.3	0.79 (0.66-0.94)	1.01 (0.84-1.21)
Other impairments
No	38.1	1.00	1.00
Yes	48.5	1.27 (1.07-1.51)	1.35 (1.15-1.57)
Severity of VI
Blind	41.9	1.19 (0.93-1.50)	1.05 (0.84-1.30)
Severe VI	47.0	1.33 (1.08-1.63)	1.18 (0.97-1.42)
Moderate VI/other	35.4	1.00	1.00
Age at VI onset
Since birth	52.0	1.91 (1.53-2.38)	1.55 (1.22-1.96)
Childhood or youth (1-24 yr)	44.8	1.64 (1.26-2.15)	1.27 (0.98-1.68)
Adulthood (≥ 25 yr)	27.3	1.00	1.00
VI stability
Stable	43.0	1.00	1.00
Non-stable	38.5	0.90 (0.74-1.19)	0.92 (0.76-1.11)

RR: Relative risk; VI: Visual impairment.

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses addressing bullying exposure and its association with self-efficacy and life satisfaction among individuals with VI (n = 736)

Lifetime bullying	Mean (SD)	Unadjusted1	Adjusted12
		RR (95%CI)	RR (95%CI)
Self-efficacy
No (n = 429)	32.0 (4.8)	Reference	Reference
Yes (n = 307)	30.8 (5.4)	0.28	0.41 (0.19-0.87)
Life satisfaction
No (n = 429)	7.0 (1.9)	Reference	Reference
Yes (n = 307)	6.5 (2.2)	0.60	0.69 (0.52-0.91)

¹CI estimates were bootstrapped with 10000 replications and a variance multiplied by 1;

²Adjusted for gender, age (18-35, 36-50, 51-65, ≥ 66), current education level (< 10 years, 10-13 years, ≥ 14 years), working or studying (no, yes, retired), other impairments (no, yes), marital status (single, married/partner, former married/partner), and severity of VI (moderate VI/other, severe VI, blindness). RR: Risk ratio; SD: Standard deviation; VI: Visual impairment.