Prevalence of substance use among moroccan adolescents and association with academic achievement

Table 1 Bivariate analyses comparing grade average in the last trimester for girls only

Variable	Grades 13 and above (above average grades)n = 568% (n) or mean (SD)	Grades 12 and below (average and below average grades)n = 541% (n) or mean (SD)	Statistic	P value
Age	17.0 (1.4)	17.6 (1.4)	t1107 = -7.71	0.0005
Days absent in the last 30 d
Not absent	65.8% (374)	53.2% (285)
1 d	16.0% (91)	20.1% (108)
2 d	8.5% (48)	9.5% (51)	χ52 = 24.24	0.0005
3-4 d	3.9% (22)	9.0% (48)
5-6 d	2.6% (15)	3.2% (17)
7 or more days	3.2% (18)	5.0% (27)
		n = 536
Father’s education level
Not educated	11.4% (58)	22.4% (109)
Elementary school	19.9% (101)	23.2% (113)
Middle school	10.5% (53)	14.8% (72)	χ42 = 56.59	0.0005
High school	19.7% (100)	20.9% (102)
College and beyond	38.5% (195)	18.7% (91)
	n = 507	n = 487
Mother’s education level
Not educated	30.9% (167)	49.1% (255)
Elementary school	15.2% (82)	18.7% (97)
Middle school	9.4% (51)	9.2% (48)	χ42 = 61.97	0.0005
High school	22.0% (119)	12.9% (67)
College and beyond	22.6% (122)	10.0% (52)
	n = 541	n = 519
Socioeconomic status compared with other families in country
Above other families	25.7% (146)	20.1% (108)
Same as other families	71.0% (403)	72.5% (390)	χ22 = 12.57	0.002
Below other families	3.3% (19)	7.4% (40)
		n = 538
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs	13.9 (79)	18.9 (102)	χ2 = 4.96	0.026
Age first used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs	14.7 (2.5)	15.7 (2.6)	t142 = -2.30	0.023
	n = 65	n = 79
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo	6.0 (34)	7.9 (43)	χ2 = 1.65	0.199
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d	3.0 (17)	5.2 (28)	χ2 = 3.39	0.066

Table 2 Bivariate analyses comparing grade average in the last trimester for boys only

Variable	Grades 13 and above (above average grades)n = 377% (n) or mean (SD)	Grades 12 and below (average and below average grades)n = 587% (n) or mean (SD)	Statistic	P value
Age	17.2 (1.6)	18.0 (1.6)	t949 = -7.74	0.0005
	n = 371	n = 580
Days absent in the last 30 d
Not absent	56.1% (211)	39.4% (230)
1 d	13.8% (52)	17.6% (103)
2 d	12.5% (47)	12.7% (74)	χ52 = 31.15	0.0005
3-4 d	7.4% (28)	11.3% (66)
5-6 d	2.9% (11)	5.7% (33)
7 or more days	7.2% (27)	13.4% (78)
	n = 376	n = 584
Father’s education level
Not educated	19.5% (66)	27.5% (142)
Elementary school	16.3% (55)	18.2% (94)
Middle school	6.2% (21)	11.8% (61)	χ42 = 28.09	0.0005
High school	21.6% (73)	20.7% (107)
College and beyond	36.4% (123)	21.9% (113)
	n = 338	n = 517
Mother’s education level
Not educated	36.3% (127)	46.0% (251)
Elementary school	14.3% (50)	15.0% (82)
Middle school	7.7% (27)	9.0% (49)	χ42 = 22.22	0.0005
High school	16.9% (59)	17.0% (93)
College and beyond	24.9% (87)	13.0% (71)
	n = 350	n = 546
Socioeconomic status compared with other families in country
Above other families	26.1% (98)	17.2% (101)
Same as other families	68.5% (257)	74.8% (439)	χ22 = 12.40	0.002
Below other families	5.3% (20)	8.0% (47)
	n = 375
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs	33.7 (127)	44.8 (263)	χ2 = 11.78	0.001
Age first used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs	15.0 (2.4)	16.0 (2.0)	t310 = -3.66	0.0005
	n = 98	n = 214
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo	17.0 (64)	23.3 (137)	χ2 = 5.63	0.018
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d	10.9 (41)	17.0 (100)	χ2 = 6.98	0.008

Table 3 Reported substance use by gender

Use pattern	Girls n = 1109	Boys n = 964
	n (%)	n (%)
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs	181 (16.3)	390 (40.5)
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the last 12 mo	77 (6.9)	201 (20.9)
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d	45 (4.1)	141 (14.6)

Table 4 Multiple logistic regression predicting girls’ grade average in the last trimester, after adjusting for mother and father’s education and comparison socioeconomic status (n = 970)

Combined drug use	B (SE)	AOR	95%CI for AOR	P value
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d	0.96 (0.35)	2.62	1.31, 5.22	0.006
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 12 mo	0.27 (0.38)	1.3	0.63, 2.72	0.479
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs	0.54 (0.24)	1.72	1.07, 2.77	0.026
Never used	-	-	-	-

AOR: Adjusted odds ratio.

Table 5 Multiple logistic regression predicting boys’ grade average in the last trimester, after adjusting for mother and father’s education and comparison socioeconomic status (n = 831)

Combined drug use	B (SE)	AOR	95%CI for AOR	P value
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 30 d	0.73 (0.23)	2.08	1.33, 3.24	0.001
Used alcohol, hashish, or psychotropic drugs in the past 12 mo	0.55 (0.29)	1.74	1.00, 3.05	0.052
Ever used alcohol, hashish, psychotropic, or other drugs	0.19 (0.20)	1.21	0.82, 1.79	0.335
Never used	-	-	-	-

AOR: Adjusted odds ratio.