Influence of gender in the recognition of basic facial expressions: A critical literature review

Table 1 Main sampling and methodological aspects of studies included in this review

Ref.	Country	Year	Sample type	N (♂/♀)	Age (mean)	Stimuli/color/presentation	Emotions	Stimuli presentation time	Outcome variable
Gitter et al[8]	United States	1972	U	160 (NA/NA)	NA	DS/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	NA	Ac
Zuckerman et al[9]	United States	1975	U	101 (64/37)	NA	DS/ color/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	2 s	Ac
Fujita et al[10]	United States	1980	U	24 (12/12)	NA	DS/ BW/static	H, D, S, SD	10 s	Ac
Kirouac et al[11]	Canada	1983	U	34 (16/18)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	10 s	Ac
Babchuk et al[12]	United States	1985	U	40 (20/20)	25.65	Dr Carroll Izard/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, SD	No limit	Ac, L
Kirouac et al[13]	Canada	1985	GP	300 (150/150)	26.20	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	10 s	Ac
Mandal et al[14]	India	1985	U	150 (75/75)	26.50	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	0.25 s, 0.5 s, 1 s	Ac
Wagner et al[15]	England	1986	U	53 (15/38)	21.50	DS/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	5 s	Ac
Nowicki et al[16]	United States	1987	U	107 (49/58)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	0.06 s	Ac
Rotter et al[17]	United States	1988	U	(1) 679 (241/438) (2) 399 (162/237)	(1) 20.00 (2) NA	DS/ Color/static	F, D, A, SD	NA	Ac
Mufson et al[18]	United States	1991	U	275 (105/170)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/Static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	0.05 s	Ac
Erwin et al[19]	United States	1992	GP	(1) 39 (24/15) (2) 20 (10/10)	31.80	DS/ BW/static	H, SD	7 s	Ac
Duhaney et al[20]	United States	1993	U	30 (15/15)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	10 s	Ac, I
Hess et al[21]	Canada	1997	U	24 (12/12)	18.97	Matsumoto-Ekman/ BW/dynamic	H, D, A, SD	5 s	Ac
Thayer et al[22]	Norway	2000	U	44 (16/28)	23	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, D, F, A, S, SD	6 s	Ac
Oyuela-Vargas et al[23]	Colombia	2003	U	60 (30/30)	21.5	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, A, SD	2 s	Ac, L
Grimshaw et al[24]	United States and Canada	2004	U	73 (36/37)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, A, SD	0.05 s	Ac, L
Hall et al[25]	United States	2004	U	(1) 96 (69/27) (2) 363 (126/237)	NA	Matsumoto-Ekman/BW/ static and dynamic	H, F, D, A, S, SD	10 s/0.20 s (maximum)	Ac
Rahman et al[26]	England	2004	GP	240 (120/120)	29	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, SD	No limit	Ac, L
Palermo et al[27]	Australia	2004	GP	24 (12/12)	24.5	Ekman-Friesen; Gur et al[51] NimStim; Watson; Mazurski-bond/ BW/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	No limit	Ac, L
Montagne et al[28]	The Netherlands	2005	U	68 (28/40)	22.45	DS/ BW/dynamic	H, F, D, A, S, SD	NA	Ac, I
Biele et al[29]	Poland	2006	U	38 (14/24)	22	MSFDE/ BW/dynamic and static	H, A	1.5 s (static and dynamic)	I
Hampson et al[30]	Canada	2006	U	62 (31/31)	20.77	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/dynamic	H, F, D, A, SD	No limit	Ac, L
Williams et al[31]	Australia	2009	GP	728 (329/339)	20-91	Gur et al[51]/ Color/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD	2 s	Ac, L
Collignon et al[32]	Canada	2010	U	46 (23/23)	24.8	DS Color/dynamic	F, D	0.5 s	Ac
Hoffmann et al[33]	Germany	2010	U	(1) 133 (58/75) (2) 186 (70/116)	22	Matsumoto-Ekman/ color/static	H, F, D, A, S, SD,	0.3 s	Ac, I
Scherer et al[34]	Switzerland	2011	(1) GP/ (2) U	(1) 7158 (5358/1800) (2) 72 (9/63)	NA	(1) Ekman-Friesen, BW static (2) DS/BW/dynamic	(1): H, F, D, A, SD/(2): H, D, SD	(1) 3 s/(2): NA	Ac
Donges et al[35]	Germany	2012	GP	81 (28/53)	25.25	Facial Emotion Discrimination Test/ BW/static	H, SD	0.033 s	Ac, L
Weisenbach et al[36]	United States	2012	GP	138 (75/63)	32.91	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, F, A, SD	0.3 s	Ac
Pinto et al[37]	Brazil	2013	U	120 (60/60)	NA	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/dynamic	H, F, D, A, S, SD	0.5 s	Ac
Wang[38]	China	2013	U	93 (48/45)	18.81	Ekman-Friesen/ BW/static	H, A	2 s	Ac
Kessels et al[39]	Norway, Australia, Ireland and Germany	2013	GP	210 (85/125)	18-75	ERT/ BW/dynamic	H, F, D, A, S, SD	NA	Ac

NA: Not available; U: University students; GP: General population; DS: Developed for the study; BW: Black and white; MSFDE: Montreal Set of Facial Expression of Emotion; H: Happiness; F: Fear; D: Disgust; A: Anger; S: Surprise; SD: Sadness; ♀: Women; ♂: Men; Ac: Accuracy; L: Latency; I: Intensity of emotion.

Table 2 Main results related to the variables accuracy, response latency, and emotional intensity

Variableinvestigated	Emotion	Results
		F > M	F = M	F < M
Accuracy (n = 31)	Total score (n = 26)	n = 16[8-11,14,16-18,22,25,28,32-34,38,39]	n = 10 [10,15,20,23-27,31,33]	-
	Happiness (n = 24)	n = 4[21,25,33,35]	n = 19[8,12,14-16,18-20,23-28,30,31,33,36,39]	n = 1[37]
	Sadness (n = 26)	n = 12[8,14,16,17,25,28,31-34,37,39]	n = 11[12,15,18,20,23,24,26,27,30,35,36]	n = 3[19,21,33]
	Anger (n = 21)	n = 6[8,12,25,30,33,29]	n = 12[16,18,20,21,23,24,27,28,31,33,36-38]	n = 3[14,15,17]
	Disgust (n = 19)	n = 6[17,18,25,30,33,34]	n = 12[8,12,14-16,20,27,28,31,33,37,39]	n = 1[21]
	Fear (n = 20)	n = 10[8,12,17,18,25,31-33,36,39]	n = 10[14-16,20,24,27,28,30,33,37]	-
	Surprise (n = 16)	n = N = 6[8,12,16,25,28,33]	n = 10[14-16,18,20,27,31,33,37,39]	-
Response latency (n = 8)	Total score (n = 8)	-	n = 5[14,23,24,27,35]	n = 3[12,26,31]
	Happiness (n = 1)	-	n = 1[23]	n = 1[26]
	Sadness (n = 2)	-	-	n = 2[26,30]
	Anger (n = 2)	-	n = 1[23]	n = 1[30]
	Disgust (n = 1)	-	-	n = 1[30]
	Fear (n = 1)	-	-	n = 1[30]
Emotional intensity (n = 4)	Total score (n = 2)	-	n = 2[20,33]	-
	Anger (n = 2)	n = 2[28,29]	-	-
	Disgust (n = 1)	n = 1[28]	-	-

F: Female; M: Male.