Music in depression: Neural correlates of emotional experience in remitted depression

Table 1 Group differences regarding age, depression, early life stress, and personality variables (n = 28)

Measure	Remitted depressed (n = 14)		Healthy controls (n = 14)		t	v	P value
	mean	SD	mean	SD
Age (yr)	55.1	11.3	54.9	11.8	0.07	26	0.948
BDI	8.2	4.5	5.0	5.2	2.1	26	0.046
HDRS	3.8	1.5	-	-	-	-	-
MADRS	5.2	2.9	-	-	-	-	-
No. of episodes1	3.9	1.9	-	-	-	-	-
CTQ	53.4	25.4	36.1	10.2	2.3	26	0.026
total score
STAI state	41.6	11.9	32.5	8.9	2.3	26	0.031
STAI trait	29.9	9.1	18.9	5.4	3.9	26	< 0.001
CISS task	27.5	6.5	31.3	4.9	-1.7	26	0.093
CISS emotion	22.3	4.2	22.0	5.3	0.51	26	0.612
CISS avoidance	22.2	5.8	24.9	8.7	-0.95	26	0.353
BVAQ total score	112.6	17.3	100.4	18.8	1.7	26	0.093

¹Only available from 10 patients. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (remitted depressed group only); MADRS: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (remitted depressed group only); CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory; CISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (task, emotion and avoidance oriented coping style); BVAQ: Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire; Bonferroni adjusted α levels of 0.006 per test (0.05/9).

Table 2 Brain regions activated in response to pleasant > neutral stimuli (n = 28)

Brain regions	MNI coordinates			Z-score	Voxels
	x	y	z
Superior temporal gyrus/rolandic operculum (BA41)	-44	-24	10	7.29	4250
	54	-12	2	7.58	3935
Occipital lobe/cuneus (BA18)	8	-88	18	5.86	1808
Insula/heschl’s gyrus (BA22)	48	-18	8	3.78	446
Angular gyrus (BA39)	-50	-68	34	3.32	49
Hippocampal formation	29	-14	-14	2.83	32
Fusiform gyrus (BA37)	40	-44	20	2.92	15
Remitted depressed < Healthy controls
Anterior cingulate cortex	-6	44	10	2.78	62
Middle temporal gyrus (BA21)	62	-18	-6	3.67	21
Remitted depressed > Healthy controls
Inferior frontal gyrus	-44	20	16	4.74	88

Height and extend threshold: P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected on peak-level, and k = 10 voxels.

Table 3 Brain regions activated in response to unpleasant > neutral stimuli (n = 28)

Brain regions	MNI coordinates			Z-score	Voxels
	x	y	z
Superior temporal gyrus/Heschl’s gyrus (BA22)	50	-14	4	7.66	3232
	-50	-18	6	7.65	3060
Hippocampal formation	-24	-16	-16	4.35	110
Angular gyrus (BA39)	-52	-68	30	3.72	93
Remitted depressed < healthy controls
Anterior cingulate cortex	-3	43	11	3.43	264
Superior temporal gyrus (BA21)	62	-18	-4	3.34	29
Remitted depressed > healthy controls
Medial globus pallidus	18	-6	2	2.95	30

Height and extend threshold: P < 0.05, false discovery rate corrected on peak-level, and k = 10 voxels.