Risk of postpartum anxiety and depression in women with a history of gestational hypertensive disorders

Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of the study population

Variable	Total (n = 220)	mean ± SD/n (%)
Maternal age (years)	220	29.8 ± 4.6
Age ≥ 35 years	220	46 (20.9)
Primiparity	220	102 (46.4)
Multiparity	220	118 (53.6)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	220	26.4 ± 3.8
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	220	48 (21.8)
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)	220	37.9 ± 2.1
Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks)	220	44 (20.0)
Vaginal delivery	220	134 (60.9)
Cesarean delivery	220	86 (39.1)
Neonatal birth weight (g)	220	3025 ± 485
NICU admission	220	36 (16.4)

BMI: Body mass index; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit.

Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics between growth hormone deficiency and normotensive cohorts, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	GHD (n = 110)	Controls (n = 110)	P value
Maternal age (years)	30.2 ± 4.7	29.4 ± 4.5	0.18
BMI (kg/m2)	27.8 ± 4.1	25.0 ± 3.2	< 0.001
Primiparity	58 (52.7)	44 (40.0)	0.04
Preterm delivery	30 (27.3)	14 (12.7)	0.006
Cesarean delivery	52 (47.3)	34 (30.9)	0.01
NICU admission	26 (23.6)	10 (9.1)	0.003

GHD: Gestational hypertensive disorder; BMI: Body mass index; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit.

Table 3 Prevalence of postpartum anxiety and depression by growth hormone deficiency status, n (%)

Outcome	GHD (n = 110)	Controls (n = 110)	P value
Postpartum anxiety	42 (38.2)	20 (18.2)	< 0.001
No anxiety	68 (61.8)	90 (81.8)	-
Postpartum depression	38 (34.5)	17 (15.5)	< 0.001
No depression	72 (65.5)	93 (84.5)	-

GHD: Gestational hypertensive disorder.

Table 4 Crude odds ratios for postpartum anxiety and depression associated with gestational hypertensive disorder

Outcome	Crude OR	95%CI	P value
Postpartum anxiety	2.78	1.51-5.12	0.001
Postpartum depression	2.86	1.49-5.49	0.001

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios for postpartum anxiety and depression associated with gestational hypertensive disorder

Outcome	Adjusted OR	95%CI	P value
Postpartum anxiety	2.71	1.45-5.05	0.002
Postpartum depression	2.89	1.52-5.48	0.001

Adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 6 Distribution of supportive care exposure among women with gestational hypertensive disorder (n = 110)

Supportive care status	n (%)
Received supportive care	58 (52.7)
Standard postnatal care	52 (47.3)

Table 7 Postpartum anxiety and depression by supportive care status in the gestational hypertensive disorder cohort, n (%)

Outcome	Supportive care (n = 58)	Standard care (n = 52)	P value
Postpartum anxiety	16 (27.6)	26 (50.0)	0.01
Postpartum depression	15 (25.9)	23 (44.2)	0.02
No anxiety or depression	27 (46.5)	13 (25.0)	0.01

Table 8 Adjusted odds ratios for postpartum anxiety and depression associated with supportive care exposure

Outcome	Adjusted OR	95%CI	P value
Postpartum anxiety	0.42	0.21-0.83	0.01
Postpartum depression	0.39	0.19-0.81	0.01

Adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, gestational age, delivery mode, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.