Risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with epilepsy and their relationship with quality of life

Table 1 Current situation of anxiety and depression

Factors	Cronbach’s σ	mean ± SD	Min-max	Degree	n (%)
Self-Rating Anxiety Scale	0.78	48.39 ± 8.01	24-66	Mild	31 (29.25)
				Moderate	10 (9.43)
				Severe	0 (0.00)
				Total	41 (38.68)
Self-Rating Depression Scale	0.81	49.93 ± 9.13	26-70	Mild	25 (23.58)
				Moderate	12 (11.32)
				Severe	0 (0.00)
				Total	37 (34.91)

Table 2 Univariate analysis of anxiety and depression, n (%)/mean ± SD

Factors	Anxiety			Depression			Anxiety/depression
	Negative (n = 65)	Positive (n = 41)	P value	Negative (n = 69)	Positive (n = 37)	P value	Negative (n = 78)	Positive (n = 28)	P value
Age (year)	37.83 ± 2.68	38.54 ± 3.29	0.230	37.84 ± 2.77	38.59 ± 3.21	0.209	37.92 ± 2.86	38.61 ± 3.14	0.293
Disease duration	7.05 ± 1.26	7.61 ± 1.61	0.047	7.07 ± 1.39	7.62 ± 1.44	0.058	7.06 ± 1.33	7.82 ± 1.54	0.015
Gender			0.954			0.123			0.152
Male	25 (38.46)	16 (39.02)		23 (33.33)	18 (48.65)		27 (34.62)	14 (50.00)
Female	40 (61.54)	25 (60.98)		46 (66.67)	19 (51.35)		51 (65.38)	14 (50.00)
Marital status			0.870			0.713			0.486
Married	45 (69.23)	29 (70.73)		49 (71.01)	25 (67.57)		53 (67.95)	21 (75.00)
Unmarried/divorced	20 (30.77)	12 (29.27)		20 (28.99)	12 (32.43)		25 (32.05)	7 (25.00)
Education			0.169			0.019			0.198
High school and above	34 (52.31)	27 (65.85)		34 (49.28)	27 (72.97)		42 (53.85)	19 (67.86)
Junior high school and below	31 (47.69)	14 (34.15)		35 (50.72)	10 (27.03)		36 (46.15)	9 (32.14)
Employment status			0.038			0.025			0.018
Employed	49 (75.38)	23 (56.10)		52 (75.36)	20 (54.05)		58 (74.36)	14 (50.00)
Unemployed	16 (24.62)	18 (43.90)		17 (24.64)	17 (45.95)		20 (25.64)	14 (50.00)
Number of antiepileptic drugs			0.249			0.017			0.020
≤ 2	36 (55.38)	18 (43.90)		41 (59.42)	13 (35.14)		45 (57.69)	9 (32.14)
> 2	29 (44.62)	23 (56.10)		28 (40.58)	24 (64.86)		33 (42.31)	19 (67.86)
Seizure type			0.900			0.245			0.367
Focal seizures	23 (35.38)	15 (36.59)		22 (31.88)	16 (43.24)		26 (33.33)	12 (42.86)
Generalised seizures	42 (64.62)	26 (63.41)		47 (68.12)	21 (56.76)		52 (66.67)	16 (57.14)
Monthly seizure frequency			0.019			0.007			0.003
≤ 2	42 (64.62)	17 (41.46)		45 (65.22)	14 (37.84)		50 (64.10)	9 (32.14)
> 2	23 (35.38)	24 (58.54)		24 (34.78)	23 (62.16)		28 (35.90)	19 (67.86)

Table 3 Independent risk factors for anxiety

Factors	β	SE	Z value	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Employment status
Employed					1.00 (reference)
Unemployed	0.91	0.46	2.01	0.045	2.49 (1.02-6.09)
Monthly seizure frequency
≤ 2					1.00 (reference)
> 2	1.12	0.44	2.57	0.010	3.07 (1.30-7.24)

Table 4 Independent risk factors for depression

Factors	β	SE	Z value	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Employment status
Employed					1.00 (reference)
Unemployed	1.15	0.48	2.38	0.017	3.16 (1.22-8.17)
Number of antiepileptic drugs
≤ 2					1.00 (reference)
> 2	0.99	0.47	2.13	0.033	2.70 (1.08-6.71)
Monthly seizure frequency
≤ 2					1.00 (reference)
> 2	1.22	0.47	2.61	0.009	3.37 (1.35-8.39)

Table 5 Independent risk factors for anxiety/depression

Factors	β	SE	Z value	P value	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Employment status
Employed					1.00 (reference)
Unemployed	1.33	0.54	2.46	0.014	3.77 (1.31-10.89)
Number of antiepileptic drugs
≤ 2					1.00 (reference)
> 2	1.15	0.53	2.16	0.030	3.14 (1.11-8.88)
Monthly seizure frequency
≤ 2					1.00 (reference)
> 2	1.67	0.54	3.08	0.002	5.32 (1.84-15.41)
Disease duration	0.42	0.19	2.27	0.023	1.53 (1.06-2.20)

Table 6 Quality of life scores of patients with comorbid anxiety and depression in each dimension, mean ± SD

Factors	Total (n = 106)	0 (n = 78)	1 (n = 28)	Statistic (t value)	P value
Seizure worry	62.33 ± 14.09	65.74 ± 12.34	52.82 ± 14.49	4.53	< 0.001
Overall health	74.12 ± 10.87	77.63 ± 7.19	64.36 ± 13.33	5.01	< 0.001
Emotional well-being	55.27 ± 8.81	57.71 ± 7.52	48.50 ± 8.71	5.33	< 0.001
Energy/fatigue	54.62 ± 10.02	56.71 ± 9.84	48.82 ± 8.15	3.79	< 0.001
Cognitive function	57.78 ± 14.62	62.88 ± 12.58	43.57 ± 9.72	7.36	< 0.001
Medication effects	62.33 ± 11.24	64.82 ± 9.47	55.39 ± 12.95	4.08	< 0.001
Social functioning	52.89 ± 10.57	55.31 ± 9.58	46.14 ± 10.43	4.24	< 0.001
Total score	59.91 ± 6.30	62.97 ± 3.46	51.37 ± 4.21	14.36	< 0.001