Psychological burden of hemorrhoidal disease: Association with depression, anxiety, and quality of life impairment

Table 1 Comparison of descriptive characteristics between patients and controls

Descriptive characteristics		Patients (HD) (n = 74)		Controls (n = 74)		P value
		n	%	n	%
Age (year)	mean ± SD	39 ± 13		36 ± 11
	Median (range)	36 (19-68)		35 (19-63)
	18-29	23	31	26	35	0.43
	30-44	28	38	32	43
	≥ 45	23	31	16	22
Sex	Female	33	45	40	54	0.32
	Male	41	55	34	46
Presence of chronic disease	Yes	21	28	15	20	0.34
	No	53	72	59	80
Medication use	Yes	17	23	19	26	0.85
	No	57	77	55	74
History of mental illness	Yes	4	5	3	4	1
	No	70	95	71	96
Receiving psychiatric treatment	Yes	2	3	3	4	1
	No	72	97	71	96

P values were calculated using the χ² test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the independent samples t-test for continuous variables. HD: Hemorrhoidal disease.

Table 2 Comparison of Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form domains and the general health facet between the patient and controls

Scale and domain	Patients (HD; n = 74)		Controls (n = 74)		P value
	mean ± SD	Median (range)	mean ± SD	Median (range)
BDI1	11.92 ± 10.48	9 (0-45)	5.54 ± 4.16	5 (0-17)	< 0.001
BAI2	11.76 ± 10.13	9.5 (0-51)	6.77 ± 5.07	6 (0-22)	< 0.001
General health (facet)1	6.20 ± 1.51	6 (2-9)	6.81 ± 1.36	7 (2-10)	< 0.01
Physical health (domain)1	23.92 ± 4.39	25 (14-33)	25.88 ± 3.98	26 (19-34)	< 0.001
Psychological (domain)1	21.27 ± 4.5	21 (11-32)	21.74 ± 3.66	22 (11-30)	0.484
Social relationships (domain)1	10.11 ± 2.32	10 (5-15)	10.96 ± 2.33	11 (5-15)	< 0.01
Environment (domain)1	27.78 ± 4.67	27.5 (18-37)	28.54 ± 5.03	29 (13-38)	0.345

¹Independent samples t-test.

²Mann-Whitney U test.

HD: Hemorrhoidal disease; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Table 3 Spearman’s ρ correlation between hemorrhoidal disease and Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form

Variable	Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ)	P value
BDI	0.311	< 0.001
BAI	0.250	0.002
General health	-0.197	0.017
Physical health	-0.215	0.009
Psychological	-0.073	0.379
Social relationships	-0.203	0.013
Environment	-0.101	0.220

Control group coded as 0 and hemorrhoidal disease group coded as 1. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Table 4 Path analysis results for the effects of hemorrhoidal disease on depression, anxiety, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form domains

Dependent variable	Path	Independent variable	Β	SE	β	P value	R2
Beck depression	<---	Presence of HD	6.38	1.31	0.37	< 0.01	0.140
Beck anxiety	<---	Presence of HD	4.99	1.31	0.30	< 0.01	0.089
Psychological	<---	Presence of HD	-0.47	0.67	-0.06	0.481	0.003
Physical health	<---	Presence of HD	-1.96	0.69	-0.23	< 0.01	0.053
General health	<---	Presence of HD	-0.61	0.24	-0.21	< 0.01	0.043
Social relationships	<---	Presence of HD	-0.85	0.38	-0.18	< 0.05	0.033
Environment	<---	Presence of HD	-0.76	0.80	-0.08	0.342	0.006

B: Unstandardized path coefficient; β: Standardized path coefficient. Explained variance in the dependent factors: R². HD: Hemorrhoidal disease.