Effectiveness of smoking cessation training in patients at a community mental health center

Table 1 Distribution of participants according to socio-demographic characteristics (n = 68), mean ± SD

Characteristics	Experimental group (n = 34)		Control group (n = 34)		Test value and significance
Gender
Female	8	23.5	11	32.4	χ2 = 0.292, P = 0.589
Male	26	76.5	23	67.6
Marital status
Single	23	67.6	27	79.4	χ2 = 0.680, P = 0.410
Married	11	32.4	7	20.6
Diagnosis
Bipolar disorders	9	26.5	8	23.5	χ2 = 0.000, P = 1.000
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders	25	73.5	26	76.5
Income status
Income less than expenses	16	47.1	10	29.4	χ2 = 2.455, P = 0.336
Income equal to expenses	14	41.2	17	50.0
Income more than expenses	4	11.7	7	20.6
Educational status
Literate	8	23.5	6	17.6	χ2 = 1.363, P = 0.739
Primary education	10	29.4	11	32.4
Secondary education	12	35.3	15	44.1
Bachelor’s degree	4	11.8	2	5.9
Employment status
Unemployed	23	67.6	22	64.7	χ2 = 0.216, P = 1.000
Employed	7	20.6	7	20.6
Retired	4	11.8	5	14.7
Age	40.32 ± 9.15		41.06 ± 8.71		t = -0.339, P = 0.735
Years of smoking	23.71 ± 9.86		23.68 ± 8.78		t = 0.013, P = 0.990

χ² with yates correction, Fisher’s exact test with Monte Carlo simulation, t: Independent groups t test. For variables with more than two categories, P values represent overall group comparisons.

Table 2 Daily cigarette consumption by group across time, n (%)

Time point	Cigarettes/day	Experimental group	Control group
Pretest	0	0 (0)	0 (0)
	1-10	3 (8.8)	4 (11.8)
	11-20	10 (29.4)	11 (32.4)
	21-30	10 (29.4)	8 (23.5)
	≥ 31	11 (32.4)	11 (32.4)
Posttest	0	6 (17.6)	0 (0)
	1-10	4 (11.8)	3 (8.8)
	11-20	11 (32.4)	11 (32.4)
	21-30	9 (26.5)	11 (32.4)
	≥ 31	4 (11.8)	9 (26.5)
1st follow-up	0	5 (14.7)	0 (0)
	1-10	4 (11.8)	3 (8.8)
	11-20	9 (26.5)	10 (29.4)
	21-30	10 (29.4)	12 (35.3)
	≥ 31	6 (17.6)	9 (26.5)
2nd follow-up	0	4 (11.8)	0 (0)
	1-10	4 (11.8)	3 (8.8)
	11-20	9 (26.5)	11 (32.4)
	21-30	10 (29.4)	10 (29.4)
	≥ 31	7 (20.6)	10 (29.4)

Table 3 Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance results for Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and cigarettes per day, mean ± SD

Time point	Experimental group	Control group	Time	Group	Group × time
FTND			F = 8.36	F = 3.95	F = 3.21
Pretest1	6.76 ± 1.39	6.91 ± 1.71	P = 0.001	P = 0.051	P = 0.049
Posttest2	5.03 ± 2.90	6.56 ± 1.89	η2 = 0.112	η2 = 0.057	η2 = 0.046
1st follow-up3	5.41 ± 2.85	6.47 ± 1.89	Post hoc: 1 > 2, 1 > 3
2nd follow-up4	5.59 ± 2.79	6.59 ± 2.03
CPD			F = 3.40	F = 2.69	F = 3.72
Pretest1	23.29 ± 8.98	22.82 ± 9.62	P = 0.019	P = 0.106	P = 0.012
Posttest2	16.15 ± 10.82	23.15 ± 9.37	η2 = 0.049		η2 =0.053
1st follow-up3	18.24 ± 12.20	22.3 ± 9.06	Post hoc: 1 > 2
2nd follow-up4	19.68 ± 11.70	22.53 ± 9.61
SEQ			F = 14.72	F = 5.63	F = 22.41
Pretest1	50.59 ± 20.36	51.50 ± 16.48	P < 0.001	P = 0.021	P < 0.001
Posttest2	69.74 ± 19.24	49.47 ± 13.65	η2 = 0.182	η2 = 0.079	η2 = 0.254
1st follow-up3	60.59 ± 20.41	50.26 ± 15.26	Post hoc: 1 < 2, 1 < 3, 2 > 3, 2 > 4
2nd follow-up4	58.62 ± 19.72	50.38 ± 15.24

¹Pretest.

²Posttest.

³1^st follow-up.

⁴2^nd follow-up.

FTND: Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; SEQ: Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, CPD: Cigarettes per day; F: F statistic from two-way repeated measures analysis of variance; η²p: Partial eta squared (effect size); Post hoc: Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons.