Serum adiponectin and cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease with comorbid depression

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups, n (%)

	Control group (n = 60)	Observation group (n = 60)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years, mean ± SD)	72.86 ± 6.93	72.74 ± 6.94	0.094	0.925
Gender			0.100	0.751
Male	31 (51.67)	32 (53.33)
Female	29 (48.33)	28 (46.67)
Education level (years)	10.51 ± 3.21	9.68 ± 3.34	1.386	0.168
BMI	23.16 ± 2.75	22.79 ± 2.69	0.745	0.458
Comorbidities			0.014	0.907
Hypertension	25 (41.67)	50 (41.67)
Diabetes	18 (30.00)	35 (29.16)
FPG (mmol/L)	4.38 ± 2.06	7.17 ± 2.64	-6.458	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	3.38 ± 1.05	5.24 ± 0.85	-10.654	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.34 ± 0.35	1.77 ± 0.29	-7.350	< 0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.29 ± 0.41	1.04 ± 0.32	3.708	< 0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.54 ± 1.14	3.14 ± 1.04	-3.018	0.003
hs-CRP (mg/L)	2.80 ± 1.07	4.57 ± 0.99	-9.396	< 0.001

This table compares the baseline characteristics between the control group and the observation group. Continuous variables (e.g., age, education level, body mass index) were analyzed using independent samples t-test, and categorical variables (e.g., gender, comorbidities) were analyzed using χ² test. The results indicate no statistically significant differences between the two groups in any of the baseline characteristics (P > 0.05), suggesting good comparability. BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glycemia; TC: Total cholesterin; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Table 2 Comparison of adiponectin levels and cognitive function scores between the two groups

	Serum APN (μg/mL)	MoCA scores	MMSE scores
Control group (n = 60)	12.53 ± 2.87	27.16 ± 1.64	28.17 ± 1.91
Observation group (n = 60)	6.67 ± 1.99	15.28 ± 5.20	16.36 ± 5.81
t	12.996	16.900	14.725
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

This table compares serum adiponectin (APN) levels and cognitive function scores (Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination) between the control group and the observation group. Continuous variables were analyzed using independent samples t-test. The results show statistically significant differences in all three measures, with lower APN levels and poorer cognitive performance observed in the observation group (P < 0.001 for all). APN: Adiponectin; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 3 Comparison of adiponectin levels and cognitive function scores among observation group patients with different disease severities, mean ± SD

	n	Serum APN (μg/mL)	MoCA scores	MMSE scores
Mild group	22	8.54 ± 1.23	20.12 ± 2.35	21.25 ± 4.62
Moderate group	24	6.39 ± 1.12a	14.89 ± 2.13a	16.31 ± 2.74a
Severe group	14	4.19 ± 0.85a,b	7.85 ± 1.54a,b	8.78 ± 1.82a,b
F		67.386	136.272	57.099
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 vs mild group.

^bP < 0.05 vs moderate group.

This table compares serum adiponectin levels and cognitive function scores (Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination) among patients in the observation group with different disease severities (mild, moderate, severe). One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, followed by post hoc comparisons using LSD test. APN: Adiponectin; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 4 Correlation analysis between serum adiponectin levels and cognitive function scores in the observation group

Variable	APN levels
	r	P value
MoCA scores	0.781	< 0.001
MMSE scores	0.643	< 0.001

This table presents the results of Pearson correlation analysis between serum adiponectin (APN) levels and cognitive function scores, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the observation group. A positive correlation was observed, with APN levels showing a strong association with both MoCA (r = 0.781, P < 0.001) and MMSE (r = 0.643, P < 0.001) scores, indicating that higher APN levels are associated with better cognitive performance. APN: Adiponectin; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 5 Multiple linear regression analysis in the observation group

Independent variable	B	SE	β	t	P value
Constant	17.328	3.655	-	4.741	< 0.001
FPG	-0.237	0.158	-0.092	-1.502	0.136
TC	-0.638	0.361	-0.121	-1.767	0.080
TG	-1.116	1.161	-0.061	-0.962	0.338
HDL-C	1.043	0.989	0.057	1.055	0.294
LDL-C	-0.149	0.350	-0.024	-0.426	0.671
hs-CRP	-0.457	0.337	-0.088	-1.353	0.179
Serum APN	1.104	0.138	0.601	8.009	< 0.001

This table shows the results of multiple linear regression analysis to assess the independent association between serum adiponectin (APN) levels and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score after adjusting for metabolic and inflammatory factors (fasting plasma glycemia, total cholesterin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity c-reactive protein). Serum APN remained a significant independent predictor of MoCA score (β = 0.601, P < 0.001), suggesting its potential role in cognitive function independent of these confounders. APN: Adiponectin; FPG: Fasting plasma glycemia; TC: Total cholesterin; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein.