Correlation of fourteen subjectively reported adverse mental states with insomnia: Gender differences in a cross-sectional study

doi:10.5498/wjp.117788

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Psychiatry. Jul 19, 2026; 16(7): 117788
Published online Jul 19, 2026. doi: 10.5498/wjp.117788

Table 1 Descriptive data for male and female participants, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Variables	Total (n = 2009)	Men (n = 724)	Women (n = 1285)
Age	48.00 (33.00, 58.00)	46.00 (32.00, 58.00)	48.00 (35.00, 58.00)
Height	165.00 (160.00, 171.00)	172.00 (169.00, 176.00)	161.00 (158.00, 165.00)
Weight	60.00 (55.00, 65.00)	66.00 (61.00, 70.00)	56.50 (52.00, 60.00)
Marriage
Unmarried	378 (18.82)	155 (21.41)	223 (17.35)
Married	1588 (79.04)	562 (77.62)	1026 (79.84)
Get divorced	12 (0.60)	3 (0.41)	9 (0.70)
Widowed spouse	31 (1.54)	4 (0.55)	27 (2.10)
Season
Spring	699 (34.79)	265 (36.60)	434 (33.77)
Summer	365 (18.17)	111 (15.33)	254 (19.77)
Autumn	551 (27.43)	184 (25.41)	367 (28.56)
Winter	363 (18.07)	145 (20.03)	218 (16.96)
Uncertain	31 (1.54)	19 (2.62)	12 (0.93)
Work arrangement
Day shift	1347 (67.05)	490 (67.68)	857 (66.69)
Shift work	88 (4.38)	35 (4.83)	53 (4.12)
Night shift	21 (1.05)	11 (1.52)	10 (0.78)
Uncertain	553 (27.53)	188 (25.97)	365 (28.40)

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Table 2 Comparison of sleep condition in male and female insomnia patients, median (interquartile range)

Variables	Total (n = 2009)	Men (n = 724)	Women (n = 1285)	Statistic	P value
Time to fall asleep (minutes)	60.00 (30.00, 120.00)	60.00 (30.00, 120.00)	60.00 (30.00, 120.00)	-3.39	< 0.001^c
Actual sleep duration (hours)	5.00 (4.00, 6.00)	5.00 (4.00, 6.00)	5.00 (4.00, 6.00)	-2.1	0.036^a
Number of nocturnal awakenings	2.00 (1.00, 3.00)	2.00 (1.00, 3.00)	2.00 (1.00, 3.00)	-0.66	0.507
Total waking time during the night	60.00 (30.00, 120.00)	60.00 (20.00, 120.00)	60.00 (30.00, 120.00)	-2.83	0.005^b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

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Table 3 Comparison of mental status during insomnia in male and female patients, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 2009)	Men (n = 724)	Women (n = 1285)	Statistic	P value
Depression	369 (18.37)	103 (14.23)	266 (20.70)	12.94	< 0.001^c
Apathy	181 (9.01)	82 (11.33)	99 (7.70)	7.41	0.006^b
Fatigue	1175 (58.49)	455 (62.85)	720 (56.03)	8.86	0.003^b
Impatience-irritability	644 (32.06)	239 (33.01)	405 (31.52)	0.47	0.491
Timidity	201 (10.00)	55 (7.60)	146 (11.36)	7.29	0.007^b
Indecision	122 (6.07)	39 (5.39)	83 (6.46)	0.93	0.334
Grief	117 (5.82)	20 (2.76)	97 (7.55)	19.34	< 0.001^c
Suspiciousness	155 (7.72)	54 (7.46)	101 (7.86)	0.1	0.746
Catatonia	421 (20.96)	132 (18.23)	289 (22.49)	5.07	0.024^a
Decreased willpower	637 (31.71)	253 (34.94)	384 (29.88)	5.48	0.019^a
Taciturnity	145 (7.22)	63 (8.70)	82 (6.38)	3.72	0.054
Inattention	223 (11.10)	91 (12.57)	132 (10.27)	2.48	0.116
Forgetfulness	1038 (51.67)	384 (53.04)	654 (50.89)	0.85	0.356
Slow response	539 (26.83)	209 (28.87)	330 (25.68)	2.4	0.122

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

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Table 4 Correlation of 14 subjectively reported adverse mental states with core insomnia symptoms in women

Variables	Time to fall asleep (minutes)	Actual sleep duration (hours)	Number of nocturnal awakenings	Total waking time during the night (minutes)
Depression	0.04	-0.094^b	0	0.104^b
Apathy	-0.042	0.03	0.001	-0.072^a
Fatigue	0.065^a	-0.070^a	0.032	-0.023
Impatience-irritability	0.047	-0.096^b	0.052	0.03
Timidity	-0.007	0.022	0.047	-0.033
Indecision	-0.045	0.075^b	-0.015	-0.054
Grief	0.062^a	-0.048	0.009	-0.016
Suspiciousness	-0.007	0.028	-0.022	-0.023
Catatonia	-0.028	0.004	-0.012	-0.051
Decreased willpower	-0.028	0.069^a	-0.045	-0.146^b
Taciturnity	-0.041	0.081^b	-0.009	-0.087^b
Inattention	-0.05	0.053	-0.005	-0.070^a
Forgetfulness	0.070^a	-0.122^b	0.092^b	0.027
Slow response	0.080^b	-0.035	0.077^b	-0.013

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

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Table 5 Correlation of 14 subjectively reported adverse mental states with core insomnia symptoms in men

Variables	Time to fall asleep (minutes)	Actual sleep duration (hours)	Number of nocturnal awakenings	Total waking time during the night (minutes)
Depression	0.057	-0.042	0.080^a	0.011
Apathy	-0.054	0.011	0.073^a	-0.078^a
Fatigue	-0.01	-0.132^b	0.072	0.067
Impatience-irritability	0.047	-0.083^a	-0.021	-0.022
Timidity	0.053	-0.02	0.01	-0.012
Indecision	0.031	-0.001	-0.088^a	-0.084^a
Grief	0.026	-0.048	-0.039	0.055
Suspiciousness	-0.021	0.037	-0.004	-0.042
Catatonia	-0.001	-0.012	-0.057	-0.075^a
Decreased willpower	0.011	-0.01	-0.01	-0.118^b
Taciturnity	-0.068	0.114^b	-0.101^b	-0.131^b
Inattention	-0.109^b	0.096^b	-0.036	-0.106^b
Forgetfulness	-0.035	-0.129^b	0.153^b	0.134^b
Slow response	0.051	0.002	0.047	-0.037

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

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Table 6 Binary logistic regression analysis of factors influencing severe insomnia in women

Variables	β	SE	Z	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI
Age	0.05	0	10.11	< 0.001^c	1.05	1.04-1.06
Season
Spring						1.00 (reference)
Summer	0.36	0.17	2.07	0.038^a	1.43	1.02-2.01
Autumn	0.2	0.16	1.25	0.209	1.22	0.89-1.67
Winter	0.42	0.18	2.3	0.021^a	1.52	1.06-2.17
Depression	0.58	0.14	4.02	< 0.001^c	1.79	1.35-2.38
Indecision	-0.64	0.29	-2.18	0.029^a	0.53	0.30-0.94
Grief	0.61	0.22	2.8	0.005^b	1.83	1.20-2.80
Forgetfulness	0.29	0.12	2.36	0.018^a	1.34	1.05-1.71
Slow response	0.43	0.14	3.13	0.002^b	1.53	1.17-2.00

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

β: Unstandardized regression coefficient; Z: The ratio of the regression coefficient to its standard error.

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Table 7 Binary logistic regression analysis of factors influencing severe insomnia in men

Variables	β	SE	Z	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI
Age	0.04	0.01	6.84	< 0.001^c	1.04	1.03-1.05
Season
Spring						1.00 (reference)
Summer	0.38	0.28	1.36	0.173	1.47	0.85-2.54
Autumn	0.39	0.24	1.62	0.105	1.48	0.92-2.37
Winter	1.03	0.24	4.29	< 0.001^c	2.80	1.75-4.49
Depression	0.54	0.23	2.31	0.021^a	1.72	1.08-2.72
Impatience-irritability	0.48	0.18	2.62	0.009^b	1.62	1.13-2.32
Indecision	-0.48	0.45	-1.05	0.294	0.62	0.26-1.51
Forgetfulness	0.79	0.19	4.17	< 0.001^c	2.20	1.52-3.18
Slow response	0.96	0.19	5.13	< 0.001^c	2.60	1.81-3.75

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

β: Unstandardized regression coefficient; Z: The ratio of the regression coefficient to its standard error.

Full Size Table

Citation: Tian BX, Fang J, Ji K, Yang J, Tan YX, Liu FG, Liu L. Correlation of fourteen subjectively reported adverse mental states with insomnia: Gender differences in a cross-sectional study. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(7): 117788
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v16/i7/117788.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.117788

Tian BX, Fang J, Ji K, Yang J, Tan YX, Liu FG, Liu L. Correlation of fourteen subjectively reported adverse mental states with insomnia: Gender differences in a cross-sectional study. World J Psychiatry 2026; 16(7): 117788 [DOI: 10.5498/wjp.117788]

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