Effects of a multi-modal management model incorporating executive function-targeted intervention for pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid emotional dysregulation

Table 1 Clinical baseline data of the two study groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Conventional (n = 58)	Observation (n = 54)	Statistical value (t/χ2)	P value	SMD
Age (year)	8.64 ± 1.94	8.94 ± 2.02	0.818	0.415	0.152
Gender			0.275	0.600	0.100
Male	34 (58.62)	29 (53.70)
Female	24 (41.38)	25 (46.30)
Family history of ADHD			0.025	0.874	0.031
Yes	7 (12.07)	6 (11.11)
No	51 (87.93)	48 (88.89)
The one-child			0.297	0.586	0.103
Yes	46 (79.31)	45 (83.33)
No	12 (20.69)	9 (16.67)
CBCL score	76.64 ± 5.53	76.17 ± 5.12	0.467	0.641	0.088
Duration (month)	9.97 ± 2.62	9.63 ± 2.52	0.691	0.491	0.133
Single-parent family			0.243	0.622	0.102
Yes	21 (36.21)	22 (40.74)
No	37 (63.79)	32 (59.26)

ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist.

Table 2 Comparison of the survey results of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-IV scale before and after the intervention between the two groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

SNAP-IV		Conventional (n = 58)	Observation (n = 54)	Statistical value (t/χ2)	P value
Inattention	Baseline	11.36 ± 2.94	11.44 ± 6.89	0.163	0.871
	After	8.07 ± 2.93a	6.89 ± 2.17a	2.408	0.018
Hyperactivity/impulsivity	Baseline	11.84 ± 8.62	11.69 ± 6.81	0.286	0.776
	After	8.62 ± 2.84a	6.81 ± 2.67a	3.460	< 0.001
Oppositional defiant	Baseline	10.38 ± 3.11	10.63 ± 3.09	0.427	0.670
	After	7.98 ± 2.62a	6.57 ± 2.59a	2.860	0.005
Total score	Baseline	33.59 ± 4.68	33.76 ± 4.49	0.199	0.842
	After	24.67 ± 5.30a	20.28 ± 4.00a	4.927	< 0.001
Baseline	Normal	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)	0.463	0.496
	Marginal	50 (86.21)	44 (81.48)
	Moderate	8 (13.79)	10 (18.52)
After	Normal	32 (55.17)	50 (92.59)	Fisher’s exact test	< 0.001
	Marginal	26 (44.83)	4 (7.41)
	Moderate	0 (0.00)	0 (0.00)

^aP < 0.05 for intra-group comparisons.

SNAP-IV: Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-IV.

Table 3 Statistical results for compliance and adverse effects, n (%)

	Noncompliance	Compliance	Decreased appetite	Insomnia	Abdominal pain/diarrhea	Overall incidence
Conventional (n = 58)	11 (18.97)	47 (81.03)	4 (6.90)	3 (5.17)	2 (3.45)	15.52
Observation (n = 54)	6 (11.11)	48 (88.89)	3 (5.56)	2 (3.70)	1 (1.85)	11.11
χ2	1.340					0.468
P value	0.247					0.494