Alleviating social anxiety in college students: A comprehensive positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment model-based group counseling approach

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data, n (%)/mean ± SD

Item		Intervention group (n = 50)	Control group (n = 50)	χ2/t	P value
Gender	Male	26 (52.00)	27 (54.00)	0.040	0.841
	Female	24 (48.00)	23 (46.00)
Age (years)		18.24 ± 2.18	18.16 ± 2.06	0.188	0.851
History of childhood psychological trauma	Yes	8 (16.00)	6 (12.00)	0.332	0.564
	No	42 (84.00)	44 (88.00)
Parental marital status	Stable	45 (90.00)	43 (86.00)	0.379	0.538
	Divorced or long-term separation	5 (10.00)	7 (14.00)

Table 2 Comparison of social anxiety, self-esteem, and interpersonal trust, mean ± SD (points)

Group	LSAS		SES		ITS
	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance
Intervention group (n = 50)	70.78 ± 2.90	42.62 ± 3.17a	17.72 ± 4.45	24.38 ± 4.00a	45.92 ± 8.31	52.64 ± 6.83a
Control group (n = 50)	70.16 ± 2.38	53.28 ± 3.50a	17.98 ± 3.26	19.56 ± 3.35a	47.84 ± 6.56	48.78 ± 6.04
t	1.169	15.954	0.333	6.532	1.283	2.993
P value	0.245	0.000	0.740	0.000	0.203	0.004

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before guidance.

LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; SES: Self-Esteem Scale; ITS: Interpersonal Trust Scale.

Table 3 Comparison of interpersonal attraction status, mean ± SD (points)

Group	Task attraction		Social attraction		Physical attraction		Total score
	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance
Intervention group (n = 50)	17.42 ± 4.58	24.14 ± 4.91a	14.52 ± 3.95	21.06 ± 3.99a	15.36 ± 3.91	22.32 ± 3.80a	47.94 ± 12.34	67.74 ± 12.70a
Control group (n = 50)	17.80 ± 4.14	21.46 ± 4.98a	14.88 ± 3.47	18.00 ± 4.24a	15.74 ± 3.56	18.80 ± 4.19a	48.62 ± 11.08	58.80 ± 11.23a
t	0.435	2.711	0.484	3.714	0.508	4.396	0.290	3.729
P value	0.664	0.008	0.629	0.000	0.612	0.000	0.773	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before guidance.

Table 4 Comparison of mental health levels, mean ± SD (points)

Group	Phobia	Anxiety	Obsession	Somatization	Psychoticism	Diet and sleep	Depression
Intervention group (n = 50)	12.67 ± 1.72	15.85 ± 2.66	16.65 ± 1.65	23.67 ± 2.80	15.77 ± 2.67	11.56 ± 1.00	21.85 ± 4.66
Control group (n = 50)	15.50 ± 2.68	28.66 ± 2.89	18.68 ± 2.99	35.30 ± 6.68	17.86 ± 1.60	17.56 ± 1.77	38.74 ± 6.76
t	6.301	23.080	4.220	11.361	4.769	20.863	14.557
P value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

Table 5 Comparison of interpersonal relationship differences, mean ± SD (points)

Group	Conversation		Making friends		Interpersonal interaction		Heterosexual interaction		Interpersonal total score
	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance
Intervention group (n = 50)	1.95 ± 1.03	1.52 ± 1.09a	1.76 ± 1.02	1.51 ± 1.09	1.10 ± 0.87	0.89 ± 0.90	1.53 ± 0.88	1.15 ± 0.96a	6.12 ± 3.45	5.14 ± 2.89
Control group (n = 50)	1.87 ± 1.10	2.02 ± 1.18	1.68 ± 0.97	1.95 ± 1.06	0.98 ± 0.79	1.25 ± 0.85	1.38 ± 0.79	1.55 ± 0.94	5.64 ± 3.33	6.34 ± 2.95
t	0.376	2.203	0.362	2.049	0.725	2.065	0.949	2.115	0.708	2.058
P value	0.708	0.030	0.718	0.043	0.470	0.042	0.345	0.037	0.481	0.042

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before guidance.

Table 6 Comparison of self-well-being and self-efficacy, mean ± SD (points)

Group	Self-efficacy		IWB
	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance	Pre-guidance	Post-guidance
Intervention group (n = 50)	2.50 ± 0.37	2.66 ± 0.30a	5.52 ± 1.42	11.39 ± 2.53a
Control group (n = 50)	2.44 ± 0.53	2.25 ± 0.32a	5.24 ± 1.45	9.44 ± 2.64a
t	0.662	6.770	0.976	3.749
P value	0.509	0.000	0.331	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs the same group before guidance.

IWB: Index of Well-Being.

Table 7 Group satisfaction status, mean ± SD (points)

Group	Guidance attitude	Communication	Environment	Work enthusiasm	Responsibility
Intervention group (n = 50)	92.60 ± 2.42	91.40 ± 2.42	92.04 ± 2.37	92.14 ± 2.31	93.20 ± 2.34
Control group (n = 50)	85.76 ± 2.80	86.28 ± 2.34	88.66 ± 2.41	87.30 ± 2.44	86.30 ± 2.40
t	13.049	10.766	7.063	10.173	14.556
P value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000