Neural correlates of impairments in music emotion processing in major depressive disorder: Evidenced from an event-related potential study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, mean ± SD

Variable	MDD (n = 30)	HC (n = 29)	t/χ²	P value
Age (years)	32.30 ± 10.63	30.93 ± 8.53	-0.55	0.588
Sex (male/female)	10/20	13/16	5.18	0.075
Education (years)	16.00 ± 2.58	14.20 ± 2.61	1.82	0.074
Handedness (R/M/L)	13/7/10	11/8/10	0.216	0.897
Age of onset (years)	28.93 ± 10.55
Duration of illness (months)	40.00 ± 45.39
HAMD-24	24.33 ± 3.65

MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy controls; HAMD-24: 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; R: Right; M: Mixed; L: Left.

Table 2 Behavioral results (accuracy and reaction times), mean ± SD

	MDD (n = 30)			HC (n = 29)
	Neutral	Negative	Positive	Neutral	Negative	Positive
ACC	0.75 ± 0.27	0.84 ± 0.28	0.81 ± 0.32	0.90 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.21	0.96 ± 0.19
RTs	846.22 ± 306.88	771.50 ± 280.46	649.20 ± 255.55	676.47 ± 270.25	591.95 ± 254.38	504.39 ± 220.23

ACC: Accuracy; RTs: Reaction times; MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy controls.

Table 3 Repeated-measures ANOVA on accuracy and reaction time

	F	P value	η2p	Df (num)	Df (den)
ACC
Group	7.605	0.008	0.232	1	56
Condition	1.33	0.265	0.023	1.49	83.22
Condition × group	0.45	0.583	0.008	1.49	83.22
RTs
Group	6.443	0.014	0.100	1	58
Condition	43.076	< 0.001	0.426	1.86	108.03
Condition × group	0.043	0.655	0.064	1.86	108.03

ACC: Accuracy; RTs: Reaction times; η²_p: Partial eta-squared; df: Degrees of Freedom; MDD: Major depressive disorder; HC: Healthy controls.