Association between vascular risk factor clustering and post-stroke depression

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study subjects, n (%)

Characteristics	Total (n = 110)	Low-risk group (≤ 2 factors) (n = 52)	High-risk group (≥ 3 factors) (n = 58)	Test statistic	P value
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	67.3 ± 10.2	66.5 ± 10.8	68.0 ± 9.7	t = -0.762	0.448
Age range (years)	45-84	45-82	48-84	-	-
Male gender	64 (58.2)	30 (57.7)	34 (58.6)	χ2 = 0.009	0.924
Female gender	46 (41.8)	22 (42.3)	24 (41.4)	χ2 = 0.009	0.924
Clinical assessment
NIHSS score, median (range)	6 (2-16)	6 (2-15)	7 (2-16)	Z = -1.152	0.249
Vascular risk factors
Hypertension	86 (78.2)	32 (61.5)	54 (93.1)	χ2 = 15.674	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	76 (69.1)	28 (53.8)	48 (82.8)	χ2 = 10.234	0.001
Diabetes mellitus	50 (45.5)	14 (26.9)	36 (62.1)	χ2 = 13.045	< 0.001
Smoking history	48 (43.6)	15 (28.8)	33 (56.9)	χ2 = 8.567	0.003
Coronary heart disease	40 (36.4)	7 (13.5)	33 (56.9)	χ2 = 21.459	< 0.001
Drinking history	32 (29.1)	8 (15.4)	24 (41.4)	χ2 = 8.673	0.003
Atrial fibrillation	20 (18.2)	4 (7.7)	16 (27.6)	χ2 = 7.236	0.007

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors for post-stroke depression

Risk factor	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value	Statistical significance
Age ≥ 65 years	2.34	1.15-4.76	0.019	Significant
Female gender	1.89	0.94-3.81	0.075	Not significant
NIHSS score ≥ 8	3.12	1.52-6.41	0.002	Significant
Vascular risk factor clustering (≥ 3 factors)	3.85	1.72-8.62	0.001	Significant
Education level ≤ middle school	1.76	0.85-3.65	0.128	Not significant

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

Table 3 Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis

Analysis type	Subgroup	High-risk group (≥ 3 factors)	Low-risk group (≤ 2 factors)	Statistical results
Primary sensitivity analysis
HAMD-17 ≥ 14 criteria	Overall (n = 110)	58.6 (34/58)	30.8 (16/52)	χ2 = 8.64, P = 0.003
Gender-stratified analysis
HAMD-17 ≥ 14 criteria	Male patients (n = 65)	47.1 (16/34)	19.4 (6/31)	P = 0.015
HAMD-17 ≥ 14 criteria	Female patients (n = 45)	54.2 (13/24)	28.6 (6/21)	P = 0.065
Age-stratified analysis
Odds ratio	≥ 65 years	OR = 4.56	Reference	95%CI: 1.68-12.38
Odds ratio	< 65 years	OR = 2.12	Reference	95%CI: 0.72-6.25
Alternative grouping scheme
≤ 1 risk factors vs ≥ 2 risk factors	Overall	≥ 2 factors	≤ 1 factor	OR = 3.12 (95%CI: 1.42-6.87), P = 0.005

HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.