Adjustment disorder triggered by a unique and pervasive urban stressor, traffic cones: A case report

Table 1 Different syndromes linked to the name of a city

Name	Date	Events/context	Signs
Stockholm syndrome	1973	Criminals invade the Swedish Credit Bank in an attempt to rob it and hostage-taking occurs	Victim’s sympathy for the attacker
Stendhal syndrome or Florence syndrome	1817, 1979	Trip to Italy. Contemplation of works of art	Dizziness, suffocation, rapid heartbeat, hallucinations, loss of sense of identity and direction, severe chest pain, fainting, amnesia
Havane syndrome	2016	American diplomatic personnel stationed in Cuba	Nausea, hearing, balance, and sleep disturbances
Paris syndrome	1986	Tourists are greatly shocked when they see that Paris is not looking its best. Particularly Japanese	Various symptoms with anxiety or psychosis. Sometimes requiring repatriation to the country of origin
Pisa syndrome	1972	Tardive dystonia with trunk flexion. Antipsychotics	The body leans to one side like the Tower of Pisa
Lima syndrome	1996	Hostage-taking in 1996 at the Japanese embassy in lima, Peru. Opposite of Stockholm syndrome	Hostage takers show empathy for their victims
Two copenhague syndrome	1991, 2010	Two different syndromes, one biological: Non-infectious fusion of the vertebrae, the other linked to the political context during an international meeting	Scoliosis; political indecision and the new world order
Detroit syndrome	1996	Reputation as a manufacturing hub for automobiles	Feeling of discrimination in which workers of a certain age are replaced by those who are younger, faster, and stronger
Jerusalem syndrome	1930	Religious in focus	Delusion that the subject is an important Biblical figure
Venice syndrome	2001		Express intention of killing themselves in the city
Lisbon’s phantom limb syndrome	2025	Urban condition with fragmentation, as cities enter less and less fathomable circuits of financial speculation	Making physically distant neighbourhoods overlap and physically adjacent neighbourhoods drift apart
Brasilia syndrome	2011	Also called “Helicopter Urbanism”. Urban planning that prioritizes how a city looks from above-its aerial aesthetics-rather than the everyday experiences of its residents	The concept, named after Brasilia, highlights the stress and problems that arise when planners ignore people’s needs in favor of highly designed, pre-planned visuals
Montréal syndrome	2023	Invasion of traffic cones in the streets, sometimes for no reason. Powerlessness of citizens	Conophobia. Road rage. Avoidance. Mood disorders. Insomnia. Impatience. Aggression