Guanxinning for antipsychotic-induced cardiotoxicity: A critical appraisal of emerging evidence

Table 1 Comparative cardiotoxicity of commonly used antipsychotic drugs

Drug class	Drug name	hERG inhibition (IC50/Cmax, free)	QTc prolongation risk	Other ion channel effects	Clinical considerations	Ref.
First generation	Haloperidol	High (< 5)	High	Na+ blockade (mild)	High-risk patients require ECG monitoring	[57]
Second generation	Risperidone	Moderate (approximately 10)	Moderate	K+ blockade	Dose adjustment in renal impairment	[58]
Second generation	Olanzapine	Low (> 20)	Low	Ca2+ blockade (mild)	Monitor metabolic parameters	[59]
Second generation	Quetiapine	Moderate (approximately 12)	Moderate	Na+/Ca2+ blockade	High-dose usage may prolong QTc	[60]

hERG: Human ether-a-go-go related gene; IC₅₀: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; Cmax: Maximum plasma concentration; QTc: Corrected QT; ECG: Electrocardiogram.