Integrating mind and physiology: Bridging psychophysiology and preoperative care in vascular surgery

Table 1 Summary of personality types and stress responsivity

Personality type	Core characteristics	Stress responsivity/physiological pattern	Clinical relevance
Type A	Competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility	Heightened cardiovascular reactivity; increased sympathetic activation	Linked with higher cardiovascular risk and stress-related complications
Type B	Relaxed, patient, and low urgency	Lower stress responsivity; more adaptive physiological responses	Generally protective profile
Type C	Emotional suppression, compliance, and conflict avoidance	Inefficient emotional processing; internalized stress	Influences coping style and physiological stress burden
Type D	Negative affectivity and social inhibition	Maladaptive stress processing; chronic arousal	Associated with poorer cardiovascular outcomes; relevant perioperatively