Correlation of anxiety and depression with mindfulness in esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy and analysis of risk factors

Table 1 Anxiety and depression levels of patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, mean ± SEM/n (%)

Indicators	Negative	Mild	Moderate	Severe
HADS-A	17 (14.17)	48 (40.00)	42 (35.00)	13 (10.83)
	10.43 ± 4.24
HADS-D	36 (30.00)	45 (37.50)	28 (23.33)	11 (9.17)
	9.20 ± 4.66

HADS-A: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression.

Table 2 Relationship between depression, anxiety, and mindfulness levels in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, mean ± SEM

Indicators	MAAS	t	P value
Negative or mild anxiety (n = 65)	55.43 ± 5.61	3.084	0.003
Moderate to severe anxiety (n = 55)	52.47 ± 4.76
Negative or mild depression (n = 81)	55.99 ± 5.43	2.599	0.011
Moderate to severe depression (n = 39)	53.33 ± 4.85

MAAS: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale.

Table 3 Univariate analysis of factors influencing anxiety in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, n (%)

Indicators	n	Negative or mild anxiety (n = 65)	Moderate to severe anxiety (n = 55)	χ2	P value
Sex				4.062	0.044
Male	60	38 (58.46)	22 (40.00)
Female	60	27 (41.54)	33 (60.00)
Age, years				5.582	0.018
< 60	69	31 (47.69)	38 (69.09)
≥ 60	51	34 (52.31)	17 (30.91)
Living arrangement				0.123	0.725
Cohabitation	59	31 (47.69)	28 (50.91)
Solitude	61	34 (52.31)	27 (49.09)
Employment status				4.435	0.035
Unemployed	67	42 (64.62)	25 (45.45)
Employed	53	23 (35.38)	30 (54.55)
Medical conditions				2.719	0.099
Convenient	60	37 (56.92)	23 (41.82)
Inconvenient	60	28 (43.08)	32 (58.18)
Per capita monthly household income				7.633	0.022
< 3000	76	34 (52.31)	42 (76.36)
3000-5000	28	19 (29.23)	9 (16.36)
> 5000	16	12 (18.46)	4 (7.27)
Educational level				5.245	0.022
Below senior high school	96	57 (87.69)	39 (70.91)
Senior high school or above	24	8 (12.31)	16 (29.09)
Smoking history				0.012	0.911
Without	43	23 (35.38)	20 (36.36)
With	77	42 (64.62)	35 (63.64)
Alcohol consumption history				2.937	0.087
Without	56	35 (53.85)	21 (38.18)
With	64	30 (46.15)	34 (61.82)
Postoperative complications				5.009	0.025
Without	92	55 (84.62)	37 (67.27)
With	28	10 (15.38)	18 (32.73)

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of factors influencing anxiety in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI
Sex	1.279	0.466	7.526	0.006	3.595	1.441-8.966
Age, years	-1.097	0.460	5.697	0.017	0.334	0.136-0.822
Employment status	0.867	0.452	3.676	0.055	2.380	0.981-5.775
Per capita monthly household income	-0.917	0.327	7.859	0.005	0.400	0.211-0.759
Educational level	1.779	0.610	8.506	0.004	5.926	1.792-19.595
Postoperative complications	1.006	0.519	3.762	0.052	2.735	0.989-7.561

SE: Standard error; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 5 Univariate analysis of factors affecting depression in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, n (%)

Indicators	n	Negative or mild depression (n = 81)	Moderate and severe depression (n = 39)	χ2	P value
Sex				0.342	0.559
Male	60	42 (51.85)	18 (46.15)
Female	60	39 (48.15)	21 (53.85)
Age, years				4.831	0.028
< 60	69	41 (50.62)	28 (71.79)
≥ 60	51	40 (49.38)	11 (28.21)
Living arrangement				5.795	0.017
Cohabitation	59	46 (56.79)	13 (33.33)
Solitude	61	35 (43.21)	26 (66.67)
Employment status				0.093	0.761
Unemployed	67	46 (56.79)	21 (53.85)
Employed	53	35 (43.21)	18 (46.15)
Medical conditions				0.950	0.330
Convenient	60	43 (53.09)	17 (43.59)
Inconvenient	60	38 (46.91)	22 (56.41)
Per capita monthly household income				6.862	0.032
< 3000	76	45 (55.56)	31 (79.49)
3000-5000	28	22 (27.16)	6 (15.38)
> 5000	16	14 (17.28)	2 (5.13)
Educational level				9.126	0.003
Below senior high school	96	71 (87.65)	25 (64.10)
Senior high school or above	24	10 (12.35)	14 (35.90)
Smoking history				0.644	0.422
Without	43	31 (38.27)	12 (30.77)
With	77	50 (61.73)	27 (69.23)
Alcohol consumption history				4.127	0.042
Without	56	43 (53.09)	13 (33.33)
With	64	38 (46.91)	26 (66.67)
Postoperative complications				25.229	< 0.001
Without	92	73 (90.12)	19 (48.72)
With	28	8 (9.88)	20 (51.28)

Table 6 Multivariate analysis of factors affecting depression in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI
Age, years	-1.224	0.549	4.966	0.026	0.294	0.100-0.863
Living arrangement	1.575	0.563	7.828	0.005	4.831	1.603-14.560
Per capita monthly household income	-0.955	0.424	5.087	0.024	0.385	0.168-0.882
Educational level	2.136	0.696	9.425	0.002	8.469	2.165-33.127
Alcohol consumption history	0.793	0.527	2.262	0.133	2.210	0.786-6.210
Postoperative complications	2.529	0.631	16.048	< 0.001	12.544	3.639-43.236

SE: Standard error; CI: Confidence interval.