Chronotype as a risk factor for adolescent depression and anxiety: The mediating roles of sleep and social functioning

Table 1 Demographic data and scale scores of all the included patients

Variables	mean ± SD /n (%)
Gender (male)	236 (61.9)
Age	14.34 ± 1.21
Body mass index	22.65 ± 8.47
Only child	13 (3.4)
Personality
Introverted	94 (24.7)
Average	208 (54.6)
Extroverted	79 (20.7)
Years of education	8.73 ± 1.15
Depressed mood (yes)	49 (12.9)
Suicidal ideation (yes)	44 (11.5)
Family history	18 (4.7)
Childhood trauma history	32 (8.4)
MEQ-5	13.92 ± 4.07
PSQI	5.79 ± 3.36
SDSS	2.49 ± 3.21
HAMD	12.17 ± 11.49
HAMA	10.22 ± 9.22

MEQ-5: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SDSS: Social Disability Screening Schedule; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale.

Table 2 Correlation analysis of variables

	MEQ-5	SDSS	PSQI	HAMA
SDSS	-0.24	1
PSQI	-0.33b	0.41b	1
HAMA	-0.23b	0.49b	0.49b	1
HAMD	-0.29b	0.53b	0.53b	0.74b

MEQ-5: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SDSS: Social Disability Screening Schedule; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale.

^bP < 0.01.

Table 3 Path coefficients of chronotype on adolescent depression levels

	β	t	P value	95%CI
MEQ-5, sleep quality	-0.25	-6.27	< 0.001	(-0.33 to -0.17)
MEQ-5, social functioning	-0.09	-2.39	0.018	(-0.17 to -0.02)
Sleep quality, social functioning	0.36	7.48	< 0.001	(0.26-0.45)
MEQ-5, depression level	-0.23	-1.94	0.053	(-0.47 to 0.01)
Sleep quality, depression level	1.14	7.34	< 0.001	(0.84-1.45)
Social functioning, depression level	1.28	8.20	< 0.001	(0.98-1.59)

CI: Confidence interval; MEQ-5: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.

Table 4 Path coefficients of chronotype on anxiety levels

	β	t	P value	95%CI
MEQ-5, sleep quality	-0.25	-6.27	< 0.001	(-0.33 to -0.17)
MEQ-5, social functioning	-0.09	-2.39	0.018	(-0.17 to -0.02)
Sleep quality, social functioning	0.36	7.48	< 0.001	(0.26-0.45)
MEQ-5, anxiety level	-0.09	-0.94	0.350	(-0.29 to 0.10)
Sleep quality, anxiety level	0.85	6.44	< 0.001	(0.59-1.11)
Social functioning, anxiety level	0.97	7.31	< 0.001	(0.71-1.24)

CI: Confidence interval; MEQ-5: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.