Disparities in the impact of economic well-being on self-esteem in adulthood: Race and ethnicity

Table 1 Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity (mean ± SD)

Variables	African American (n = 2267), %	Hispanic (n = 1425), %	Non-Hispanic White (n = 3678), %	Total (n = 7370)	P value
Self-esteem	23.66 (4.48)	22.91 (4.48)	23.59 (4.41)	23.48 (4.45)	a,c
Economic well-being
Fringe benefits	6.40 (4.06)	5.95 (3.82)	6.12 (3.55)	6.18 (3.76)	a
Job satisfaction	3.32 (0.67)	3.41 (0.63)	3.36 (0.65)	3.36 (0.65)	a,c
Poverty	24.1	17.1	7.7	14.5	a,b,c
Employment	74.7	78.0	83.4	79.7	a,b,c
Demographics
Age (yr)	44.57 (2.22)	44.50 (2.25)	44.58 (2.27)	44.56 (2.25)
Gender (male)	49.0	49.5	48.2	48.7
Education (non-higher education)	73.1	74.6	56.8	65.2	b,c
Urban resident	85.7	89.1	67.6	77.3	a,b,c
Marital status (marriage)	35.5	54.3	67.4	55.1	a,b,c

^aSignificant difference between African American and Hispanic at 0.05.

^bSignificant difference between African American and non-Hispanic White at 0.05.

^cSignificant difference between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White at 0.05.

Table 2 Regression results of unstandardized coefficients (standard error) and (standardized coefficients) predicting economic well-being

Variables	Economic well-being
	Fringe benefits		Job satisfaction
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
(Constant)	6.12 (0.07)	6.06 (1.05)	3.35 (0.01)	3.24 (0.18)
Ethnicity
African American	0.33	0.52	-0.03	0.00
	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.02)	(0.02)
	[0.04]b	[0.06]c	[-0.02]	[0.00]
Hispanic	-0.06	0.08	0.05	0.07
	(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.02)	(0.03)
	[-0.01]	[0.01]	[0.03]a	[0.04]b
Ages		0.00		0.00
		(0.02)		(0.00)
		[0.00]		[0.01]
Gender (male)		-0.02		-0.02
		(0.11)		(0.02)
		[-0.00]		[-0.02]
Education (non-higher education)		-1.12		-0.06
		(0.11)		(0.02)
		[-0.15]c		[-0.04]b
Residence (urban)		0.52		0.01
		(0.13)		(0.02)
		[0.06]c		[0.01]
Marital status (marriage)		0.42		0.09
		(0.11)		(0.02)
		[0.06]c		[0.07]c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Table 3 Logistic regression coefficients (Wald) [odds ratio] of predicting economic well-being

Variables	Economic well-being
	Poverty		95%CI		Employment		95%CI
	Model 1	Model 2			Model 1	Model 2
(Constant)	-2.56 (0.07)	-3.10 (0.85)	Lower	Upper	-3.45 (2.35)	1.96 (0.66)	Lower	Upper
Ethnicity
African American	1.40	0.83	1.89	2.80	-0.56	-0.27	0.66	0.89
	(242.12)	(69.73)			(60.81)	(11.48)
	[4.05]c	[2.30]c			[0.57]c	[0.77]b
Hispanic	0.84	0.54	1.36	2.18	-0.30	-0.90	0.76	1.09
	(57.94)	(20.22)			(11.73)	(1.03)
	[2.30]c	[1.72]c			[0.74]b	[0.91]
Ages		0.02	0.99	1.06		-0.01	0.96	1.02
		(1.49)				(0.37)
		[1.02]				[0.99]
Gender (male)		-0.53	0.50	0.70		0.53	1.19	1.94
		(39.12)				(62.83)
		[0.59]c				[1.70]c
Education (non-higher education)		1.34	3.02	4.82		-0.76	0.40	0.55
		(126.70)				(92.81)
		[3.82]c				[0.47]c
Residence (urban)		-0.35	0.57	0.87		-0.02	0.83	1.15
		(10.62)				(0.07)
		[0.71]b				[0.98]
Marital status (marriage)		-2.01	0.11	0.17		0.58	1.56	2.05
		(348.81)				(70.44)
		[0.13]c				[1.79]c

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CI: Confidence intervals.

Table 4 Regression results of unstandardized coefficients, (standard error), and [standardized coefficients] predicting self-esteem

Variables	Self-esteem
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
(Constant)	23.78 (0.09)	24.54 (1.23)	21.37 (1.26)	20.16 (1.30)
Ethnicity
African American	0.27	0.67	0.70	3.02
	(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.74)
	[0.03]a	[0.07]d	[0.08]d	[0.33]d
Hispanic	-0.35	-0.05	-0.10	1.70
	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.92)
	[-0.03]b	[-0.01]	[-0.01]	[0.16]a
Ages		-0.02	-0.02	-0.02
		(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
		[-0.01]	[-0.01]	[-0.01]
Gender (male)		0.26	0.27	0.29
		(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
		[0.03]b	[0.03]b	[0.04]b
Education (non-higher education)		-1.43	-1.21	-1.19
		(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
		[-0.16]d	[-0.14]d	[-0.14]d
Residence (urban)		0.10	0.05	0.02
		(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)
		[0.01]	[0.00]	[0.00]
Marital status (marriage)		0.72	0.45	0.42
		(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)
		[0.08]d	[0.05]c	[0.05]c
Economic well-being
Fringe benefits			0.07	0.07
			(0.02)	(0.02)
			[0.06]d	[0.06]d
Job satisfaction			0.77	1.10
			(0.09)	(0.13)
			[0.12]d	[0.17]d
Poverty			-1.25	-1.23
			(0.24)	(0.24)
			[-0.08]d	[-0.08]d
Employment			0.56	0.57
			(0.23)	(0.23)
			[0.04]b	[0.04]b
Fringe benefits X, African American				0.13
				(0.07)
				[0.05]a
Fringe benefits X, Hispanic				-0.14
				(0.09)
				[-0.05]
Job satisfaction X, African American				-0.81
				(0.21)
				[-0.30]d
Job satisfaction X, Hispanic				-0.40
				(0.26)
				[-0.13]

^aP < 0.10.

^bP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.001.