Incidence and risk factors of depression in patients with metabolic syndrome

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data of metabolic syndrome patients with and without depression, n (%)

	Non-depression (n = 1595)	Depression (n = 938)	P value
Sex
Male	552 (34.61)	209 (22.28)	< 0.001
Female	1043 (65.39)	729 (77.72)
Age, yr	58.34 (57.90, 58.78)	60.23 (59.65, 60.81)	< 0.001
Education
0 yr	403 (25.27)	352 (37.53)	< 0.001
1-6 yr	612 (38.37)	394 (42.00)
7-12 yr	547 (34.29)	183 (19.51)
> 12 yr	33 (2.07)	9 (0.96)
Marital status
Married	1457 (91.35)	783 (83.48)	< 0.001
Other	138 (8.65)	155 (16.52)
Physical disability
Yes	185 (11.60)	186 (19.83)	< 0.001
No	1410 (88.40)	752 (80.17)
Number of chronic diseases	1.53 (1.46, 1.59)	2.18 (2.08, 2.29)	< 0.001
Height, cm	158.42 (157.98, 158.86)	155.53 (155.03, 156.02)	< 0.001
Weight, kg	66.76 (66.15, 67.26)	63.51 (62.79, 64.24)	< 0.001
Smoking
Yes	469 (29.40)	719 (76.65)	< 0.001
No	1126 (70.60)	219 (23.35)
Drinking
Yes	314 (19.69)	108 (11.51)	< 0.001
No	1281 (80.31)	830 (88.49)
WBC, 109/L	6.312 (6.215, 6.410)	6.388 (6.250, 6.527)	0.911
CRP, mg/L	3.20 (2.82, 3.58)	3.27 (2.77, 3.78)	0.864
UA, mg/dL	4.67 (4.61, 4.74)	4,43 (4.35, 4.50)	< 0.001
CESD	4.63 (4.49, 4.76)	14.77 (14.50, 15.05)	< 0.001
Waist circumference, cm	94.21 (93.83, 94.59)	93.28 (92.79, 93.76)	0.522
TG, mg/dL	193.58 (185.88, 201.29)	184.17 (175.75, 192.60)	0.266
HDL-C, mg/dL	41.80 (41.21, 42.39)	42.84 (42.09, 43.60)	0.020
SBP, mmHg	111.94 (111.16, 112.72)	112.92 (111.88, 113.96)	0.163
DBP, mmHg	80.40 (79.78, 81.02)	79.89 (79.10, 80.68)	0.359
Glu, mg/dL	122.19 (119.81, 124.57)	120.95 (117.97, 123.93)	0.522
Average sleep duration, hour	6.72 (6.64, 6.79)	5.77 (5.64, 5.90)	< 0.001
Nap time, minutes	36.52 (34.32, 38.73)	31.87 (29.20, 34.54)	0.009
Social participation
Types of activities	0.88 (0.84, 0.93)	0.67 (0.62, 0.73)	< 0.001
Frequency of activities	1.65 (1.55, 1.75)	1.29 (1.17, 1.42)	< 0.001
PSMS	11.69 (11.53, 11.85)	15.26 (14.95, 15.58)	< 0.001
IADL	5.36 (5.29, 5.42)	6.58 (6.40, 6.77)	< 0.001

N: Number; WBC: White blood cell; CRP: C reactive protein; UA: Uric acid; CESD: Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; Glu: Glucose; PSMS: Physical self-maintenance scale; IADL: Instrumental activity of daily living.

Table 2 Factors associated with center for epidemiological survey-depression scale at baseline and follow-up

	Baseline		2-yr follow up		4-yr follow up		7-yr follow up
Variables	OR (95%CI)	Beta	OR (95%CI)	Beta	OR (95%CI)	Beta	OR (95%CI)	Beta
Age	-0.551 (-0.816, -0.286)	-0.075	-0.056 (-0.086, -0.026)	-0.081	-		-0.052 (-0.093, -0.011)	-0.063
Marital status	1.893 (1.253, 2.533)	0.102	-		-		-
Height	0.246 (0.016, 0.475)	0.084	-0.054 (-0.076, -0.031)	-0.103	-0.047 (-0.073, -0.021)	-0.082	-0.054 (-0.083, -0.025)	-0.092
Number of chronic diseases	0.448 (0.310, 0.586)	0.113	0.211 (0.039, 0.383)	0.055	-		-
Average sleep duration	-0.664 (-0.771, -0.558)	-0.205	-0.265 (-0.406, -0.124)	-0.081	-		-0.410 (-0.596, -0.224)	-0.110
PSMS	0.46 (0.402, 0.518)	0.333	0.174 (0.103, 0.246)	0.120	0.177 (0.095, 0.258)	0.109	0.166 (0.069, 0.263)	0.094
IADL	0.293 (0.184, 0.402)	0.105	-		-		-
Baseline CESD	-		0.424 (0.376, 0.472)	0.424	0.450 (0.393, 0.506)	0.407	0.414 (0.349, 0.478)	0.359

PSMS: Physical self-maintenance scale; IADL: Instrumental activity of daily living; CESD: Center for epidemiological survey-depression scale; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.